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Psilocybia / The scientific record

Essay / Research edition

The scientific record

A place for the histories behind names, specimens and publications.

01The name is older than the chemistry

Bradshaw and colleagues note that species of Psilocybe have been known to science since the early 19th century, its type species having first been described by Fries as Agaricus semilanceatus. Kummer erected the genus in 1871: the Index Fungorum genus record cites page 21, and the record for the combination Psilocybe semilanceata cites page 71 of the same year.

Nothing in that sequence involves psilocybin. The type species of the genus was named more than a century before any compound was isolated from it, and the name that anchors the genus today was chosen for a fungus described from its appearance. The chemistry arrived later and was then used, in the 2007 proposal discussed on the genus page, to decide which half of a split genus would keep the name.

Sources: [bradshaw-2024] [index-fungorum-18418-2026] [index-fungorum-232492-2026]

02Names accumulating from scattered collections

For most of the century that followed, names entered the literature one collection at a time and from widely separated places. Peck described fuscofulva in 1887, and his Agaricus caerulipes of 1885 was recombined in Psilocybe by Saccardo two years later. Bresadola published Naucoria medullosa in 1898, a name not transferred to Psilocybe until Borovička did so in 2007. Earle described Stropharia cubensis in 1906, and Singer moved it to Psilocybe in 1948. Murrill published caerulescens in 1923, and Wakefield cyanescens in 1946.

The dates on a name and the dates on the material behind it are often decades apart. The holotype of P. cyanescens was collected at Kew in 1911, 35 years before Wakefield published the name, and a Hamburg collection was designated its epitype only in 2012. The type of P. liniformans was collected near Haamstede in the Netherlands on 10 November 1970 and the name published in 1977, with a variety added in 1980.

This is the ordinary texture of a taxonomic record. A name is an event in the literature; the specimen it is attached to is an event in a field, and the two are rarely simultaneous.

Sources: [index-fungorum-222041-2026] [species-fungorum-197955-2026] [index-fungorum-532147-2026] [index-fungorum-290107-2026] [ncbi-891393-2026] [index-fungorum-290108-2026] [borovicka-2012] [guzman-bas-1977] [stamets-1980]

03The later 1950s: collections, names and compounds

The best-documented cluster of activity in the genus falls in the second half of the 1950s, and it begins with knowledge that was not new. Bradshaw and colleagues record that Psilocybe mushrooms had been used across Mesoamerica for centuries, particularly in spiritual ceremonies, that in many of these Indigenous cultures their use was considered sacramental or devoted to healing, and that with the arrival of European colonialism these cultures experienced religious persecution for that use. The scientific record of the genus did not start in 1956; it started to be written down then.

Several of the names this reference publishes date from those years, and their type material is traceable. Guzmán’s 2012 revision cites the Heim and Wasson collection J-125, made on 3 August 1956, as the holotype of P. zapotecorum, and distinguishes a 1956 nomen nudum from the valid publication in Revue Mycologique 22:77 in 1957. Heim published P. mexicana in 1957, with holotype PC 0085751. Singer and Smith published P. yungensis in Mycologia 50(1):142 in 1958.

The chemistry followed immediately. Hofmann, Heim, Brack and Kobel reported psilocybin as a psychotropic constituent of P. mexicana in 1958, a second 1958 paper reported its structure and synthesis, and psilocin was identified in 1959. None of those three papers is available in abstract or full text through the indexes consulted here, so each is cited only for the report its title describes and for nothing within it. Bradshaw and colleagues separately record that the psychoactive properties of these mushrooms were made widely known in 1957, when Wasson published an account of his own experiences in a general-interest magazine.

The cultural history of that period is not summarised here. It belongs to the people whose practices it concerns, is treated separately on the ethnomycology page, and is not a preamble to a chapter about nomenclature.

Sources: [bradshaw-2024] [guzman-2012-zapotecorum] [index-fungorum-304487-2026] [species-fungorum-313043-2026] [hofmann-1958-psilocybin-mexicana] [hofmann-1958-psilocybin-structure] [hofmann-1959-psilocin]

04Two more compounds, and then a long interruption

Leung and Paul reported baeocystin from saprophytic culture of Psilocybe baeocystis in 1967 and, in 1968, baeocystin and norbaeocystin together as new analogues of psilocybin. Neither paper could be read here either, and each is cited for its titled report alone.

Then the published record thins. Bradshaw and colleagues state that following the 1971 "war on drugs" campaign in the United States, psilocybin and its analogues were placed on Schedule 1 of the Controlled Substances Act, and that this legal status stifled research on psilocybin and the organisms that produce it for more than fifty years. Their paper frames its own contribution against that gap.

Description did not stop, but it narrowed to taxonomy. Guzmán and Bas described P. liniformans in 1977, Stamets added a variety of it in 1980 and described P. azurescens in 1995, its holotype a collection of 21 November 1993 deposited at WTU. What largely did not happen for decades was chemical and genetic work on the fungi themselves.

Sources: [leung-paul-1967-baeocystin] [leung-paul-1968-baeocystin-norbaeocystin] [bradshaw-2024] [guzman-bas-1977] [stamets-1980] [index-fungorum-446057-2026]

05The monographic era

The framework that organised the genus for most of the late 20th century was morphological and monographic. Ramírez-Cruz and colleagues record 19 taxonomic sections proposed for Psilocybe sensu lato by Guzmán in 1983 and 1995 and by Guzmán and colleagues in 2007, and a genus that on those treatments held between 277 and 300 species.

New species continued to be described within that framework into the 2000s and 2010s, and a substantial share of the accounts published here date from that period: P. hispanica in 2000, P. keralensis and P. wayanadensis in 2002, P. cabiensis in 2004, P. eximia in 2006 by Horak and Desjardin, P. mescaleroensis and P. ovoideocystidiata in 2007, P. magnispora in 2009, and four Thai species in 2012.

The sections that organised this work are the part that did not survive later testing, as the genus page sets out. The species descriptions themselves largely did, and the type specimens they rest on became the material that the molecular work later went back to.

Sources: [ramirez-cruz-2013-phylogeny] [ramirez-cruz-2013-types] [horak-desjardin-2006] [guzman-2007-mescaleroensis] [guzman-2012-thailand]

06Molecular work, and the re-reading of old specimens

From 2002 the genus was rebuilt on sequence data. Ramírez-Cruz and colleagues record that analyses by Moncalvo et al. (2002) and Matheny et al. (2006) showed Psilocybe sensu lato to be polyphyletic, and that a nomenclatural proposal by Redhead et al. (2007) settled which clade kept the name. Their own two 2013 papers did the two things the field needed: a multigene phylogeny, and a study of the type specimens that the older names were attached to. Schoch and colleagues had by then established the ITS region as a universal barcode marker for fungi.

Work in Europe over the same years shows the pattern in miniature. Borovička and colleagues published an identification key to the wood-rotting bluing species in 2008, a molecular phylogeny of the P. cyanescens complex in 2011 that revised ranks within the P. serbica group, a new Pacific coast species in 2012, and a phylogenetic and chemical study of the P. atrobrunnea complex in 2015 that returned to Peck’s 1887 fuscofulva after examining its holotype.

The most recent phase reads the collections themselves at genomic scale. Bradshaw and colleagues sequenced 71 fungarium specimens between 3 and 74 years old, 23 of them type material, on the principle that type specimens are the ultimate authority for applying names to other collections. Niskanen and colleagues reclassified the families around the genus in 2026, Bollinger and colleagues published draft genomes across it in 2025, and in 2026 Bradshaw and colleagues reported the closest known free-living relative of P. cubensis from Africa.

Sources: [ramirez-cruz-2013-phylogeny] [ramirez-cruz-2013-types] [schoch-2012-its-barcode] [borovicka-2008] [borovicka-2011] [borovicka-2012] [borovicka-2015-atrobrunnea] [bradshaw-2024] [niskanen-2026] [bollinger-2025] [bradshaw-2026-africa]

07What this history is made of

Almost everything above is assembled at second hand. The dates, authorities, pages and type citations come from taxonomic name records and from later revisions that cite the original publications, not from the original publications themselves. Sixteen of the 25 published species accounts say so explicitly in their own history field: the protologue behind the name has not been inspected for that account. The nine that do not say it are the ones where a primary description or revision in this bibliography was read directly.

That is a real limitation of this edition rather than a presentational choice, and it is recorded on each account instead of being smoothed over here. Where a historical paper could not be read at all, as with the three Hofmann papers and the two by Leung and Paul, the claim is cut back to the report the title makes and the page says so in the same sentence.

This page is also deliberately not two other things. It is not a cultural history of the use of these fungi, which is treated on the ethnomycology page. It is not an argument about how the record should be read, which is the subject of the essay linked below.

08References

  1. I.M. Bollinger; H. Singer; J. Jacobs; M. Tyler; K. Scott; C.S. Pauli; D.R. Miller; C. Barlow; A. Rockefeller; J.C. Slot; V. Angel-Mosti (2025). High-quality draft genomes of ecologically and geographically diverse Psilocybe species. Microbiology Resource Announcements 14(2), e00250-24. DOI: 10.1128/mra.00250-24 Source record ↗

    Source class: primary.

    Source verification history
    • metadata: verified · 2026-09-10 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source

      Bibliographic identity inspected; publication year is distinct from retrieval date.

    • content: verified · 2026-09-10 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source

      Table 1 P. semilanceata column and data availability inspected. Issue year 2025; electronic publication was 27 December 2024. Accession copied from paper, assembly not independently reanalysed.

    • doi: verified · 2026-09-10 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source

      DOI and title matched against the cited bibliographic record; not just resolver availability.

  2. Jan Borovička (2008). The wood-rotting bluing Psilocybe species in Central Europe — an identification key. Czech Mycology 60(2), 173–192. DOI: 10.33585/cmy.60202 Source record ↗

    Source class: primary.

    Source verification history
    • metadata: verified · 2026-09-10 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source

      PDF, publisher page and Crossref agree on title, author, volume and pages. Citation follows the printed 2008 volume year. Publisher page reports actual release 27 February 2009; Crossref gives 27 February 2008. This discrepancy is retained, not resolved by assumption.

    • content: verified · 2026-09-10 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source

      Full PDF inspected, especially key pp. 176–177 and treatments pp. 180, 183. Morphological observations are not a current field-identification guide. Species concepts predate the 2011 molecular revision.

    • doi: verified · 2026-09-10 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source

      DOI, title, authors and journal matched to Crossref metadata and the publication.

  3. Jan Borovička; Machiel E. Noordeloos; Milan Gryndler; Miroslav Oborník (2011). Molecular phylogeny of Psilocybe cyanescens complex in Europe, with reference to the position of the secotioid Weraroa novae-zelandiae. Mycological Progress 10(2), 149–155. DOI: 10.1007/s11557-010-0684-3 Source record ↗

    Source class: primary.

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    • metadata: verified · 2026-09-10 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source

      Title, four authors, DOI and pages matched to Crossref. Issue year 2011; online publication 8 June 2010. Neither date is presented as a new 2026 revision.

    • content: verified · 2026-09-10 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source

      Full PDF inspected: sampling limitation p. 150; Table 1 p. 151; results and rank changes pp. 152–153. Failed serbica paratype sequencing is retained. Database disagreement on arcana rank is recorded in the account.

    • doi: verified · 2026-09-10 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source

      DOI, title, authors and journal matched to Crossref metadata and the publication.

  4. J. Borovička; A. Rockefeller; P.G. Werner (2012). Psilocybe allenii – a new bluing species from the Pacific Coast, USA. Czech Mycology 64(2), 181–195. DOI: 10.33585/cmy.64207 Source record ↗

    Source class: primary.

    Source verification history
    • metadata: verified · 2026-09-10 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source

      Bibliographic identity inspected; publication year is distinct from retrieval date.

    • content: verified · 2026-09-10 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source

      P. cyanescens comparisons and epitype treatment on p. 193. The description of P. allenii is not reused as a P. cyanescens description.

    • doi: verified · 2026-09-10 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source

      DOI and title matched against the cited bibliographic record; not just resolver availability.

  5. J. Borovička; M. Oborník; J. Stříbrný; M. E. Noordeloos; L. A. Parra Sánchez; M. Gryndler (2015). Phylogenetic and chemical studies in the potential psychotropic species complex of Psilocybe atrobrunnea with taxonomic and nomenclatural notes. Persoonia 34, 1–9. DOI: 10.3767/003158515X685283 Source record ↗

    Source class: primary.

    Source verification history
    • metadata: verified · 2026-09-12 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source

      Authors, title, volume and pages match full-text XML. Issue dated June 2015; electronic publication 21 October 2014.

    • doi: verified · 2026-09-12 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source

      DOI agrees with the full article XML.

    • content: verified · 2026-09-12 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source

      Read nomenclatural discussion, medullosa/silvatica comparison, Tables 1–3 and chemical results. The 2015 study did not quantify PS/PSB. No cultivation protocol extracted.

  6. Alexander J. Bradshaw; Virginia Ramírez-Cruz; Ali R. Awan; Giuliana Furci; Laura Guzmán-Dávalos; Bryn T. M. Dentinger (2024). Phylogenomics of the psychoactive mushroom genus Psilocybe and evolution of the psilocybin biosynthetic gene cluster. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 121(3), e2311245121. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2311245121 Source record ↗

    Source class: primary.

    Source verification history
    • metadata: verified · 2026-09-10 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source

      Bibliographic identity inspected; publication year is distinct from retrieval date.

    • content: verified · 2026-09-10 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source

      Full-text gene-cluster results and phylogenomic methods inspected; not a new sequence analysis by Psilocybia.

    • doi: verified · 2026-09-10 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source

      DOI and title matched against the cited bibliographic record; not just resolver availability.

  7. A.J. Bradshaw; C. Sharp; B. Van Der Merwe; K.S. Tremble; B.T.M. Dentinger (2026). Discovery of the closest free-living relative of the domesticated ‘magic mushroom’ Psilocybe cubensis in Africa. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 293(2066), 20252270. DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2025.2270 Source record ↗

    Source class: primary.

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    • metadata: verified · 2026-09-10 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source

      Bibliographic identity inspected; publication year is distinct from retrieval date.

    • content: verified · 2026-09-10 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source

      ABSTRACT ONLY: PubMed abstract and Europe PMC metadata inspected. Full text was inaccessible. No detailed morphology, divergence estimates or voucher reassignments extracted.

    • doi: verified · 2026-09-10 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source

      DOI and title matched against the cited bibliographic record; not just resolver availability.

  8. Gastón Guzmán; Lee Walstad; Etelvina Gándara; Florencia Ramírez-Guillén (2007). A new bluing species of Psilocybe, section Stuntzii, from New Mexico, U.S.A.. Mycotaxon 99, 223–226. DOI: 10.5962/p.419180 Source record ↗

    Source class: primary.

    Source verification history
    • metadata: verified · 2026-09-13 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source

      Cached full paper inspected, including title page and pp. 225–226. Title, authors, year, volume and pages agree with the cached Crossref DOI record. Fresh DOI web opening failed; verification uses cached bibliographic response. No chemical assay is extracted.

    • content: verified · 2026-09-13 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source

      Cached full paper inspected, including title page and pp. 225–226. Title, authors, year, volume and pages agree with the cached Crossref DOI record. Fresh DOI web opening failed; verification uses cached bibliographic response. No chemical assay is extracted.

    • doi: verified · 2026-09-13 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source

      Cached full paper inspected, including title page and pp. 225–226. Title, authors, year, volume and pages agree with the cached Crossref DOI record. Fresh DOI web opening failed; verification uses cached bibliographic response. No chemical assay is extracted.

  9. Gastón Guzmán; Florencia Ramírez Guillén; Kevin D. Hyde; Samantha C. Karunarathna (2012). Psilocybe s.s. in Thailand: four new species and a review of previously recorded species. Mycotaxon 119, 65–81. DOI: 10.5248/119.65 Source record ↗

    Source class: primary.

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    • metadata: verified · 2026-09-14 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source

      Full PDF title page and Crossref title, authors, volume, pages and DOI matched. Selected samuiensis treatment on p. 69 inspected; measurements checked against page image. Original 1993 paper not inspected.

    • content: verified · 2026-09-14 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source

      Full PDF title page and Crossref title, authors, volume, pages and DOI matched. Selected samuiensis treatment on p. 69 inspected; measurements checked against page image. Original 1993 paper not inspected.

    • doi: verified · 2026-09-14 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source

      Full PDF title page and Crossref title, authors, volume, pages and DOI matched. Selected samuiensis treatment on p. 69 inspected; measurements checked against page image. Original 1993 paper not inspected.

  10. Gastón Guzmán (2012). New taxonomical and ethnomycological observations on Psilocybe s.s. (Fungi, Basidiomycota, Agaricomycetidae, Agaricales, Strophariaceae) from Mexico, Africa and Spain. Acta Botanica Mexicana (100), 79-106. DOI: 10.21829/abm100.2012.32 Source record ↗

    Source class: primary.

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    • metadata: verified · 2026-09-11 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source

      The PDF gives the English title, author, issue 100, pages 79–106 and year 2012. Crossref supplies a Spanish title and an online date in 2022; the account retains the printed 2012 publication year, without treating the repository date as the taxonomic date.

    • content: verified · 2026-09-11 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source

      Read the emended treatment on pp. 84–86 and its preceding discussion. Visually checked PDF pp. 84–85 for type, name year, morphology and units. Archaeological species identifications are not adopted.

    • doi: verified · 2026-09-11 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source

      DOI, authors, journal and pagination cross-checked against the paper and Crossref.

  11. G. Guzmán; C. Bas (1977). A new bluing species of Psilocybe from Europe. Persoonia 9(2), 233–238. Source record ↗

    Source class: primary.

    Source verification history
    • metadata: verified · 2026-09-10 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source

      Bibliographic identity inspected; publication year is distinct from retrieval date.

    • content: verified · 2026-09-10 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source

      Comparative observations for P. semilanceata and P. cyanescens on pp. 235, 237–238; other species descriptions are not transposed.

  12. Hofmann A; Heim R; Brack A; Kobel H (1958). Psilocybin, ein psychotroper Wirkstoff aus dem mexikanischen RauschpilzPsilocybe mexicana Heim. Experientia 14(3), 107-109. DOI: 10.1007/bf02159243 Source record ↗

    Source class: primary.

    Source verification history
    • metadata: verified · 2026-09-15 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source

      Bibliographic record retrieved from Crossref. Authors, title, journal, volume, pages and year read directly from that record.

    • doi: verified · 2026-09-15 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source

      DOI resolved and matched against the Crossref bibliographic record.

    • content: unavailable · 2026-09-15 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source

      No abstract or full text available through the indexes consulted. Only the bibliographic record and title were inspected, so this source supports the fact of its own report and not any detail within it.

  13. Hofmann A; Frey A; Ott H; Petrzilka T; Troxler F (1958). Konstitutionsaufklärung und Synthese von Psilocybin. Experientia 14(11), 397-399. DOI: 10.1007/bf02160424 Source record ↗

    Source class: primary.

    Source verification history
    • metadata: verified · 2026-09-15 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source

      Bibliographic record retrieved from Crossref. Authors, title, journal, volume, pages and year read directly from that record.

    • doi: verified · 2026-09-15 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source

      DOI resolved and matched against the Crossref bibliographic record.

    • content: unavailable · 2026-09-15 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source

      No abstract or full text available through the indexes consulted. Only the bibliographic record and title were inspected, so this source supports the fact of its own report and not any detail within it.

  14. Hofmann A; Troxler F (1959). Identifizierung von Psilocin. Experientia 15(3), 101-102. DOI: 10.1007/bf02166696 Source record ↗

    Source class: primary.

    Source verification history
    • metadata: verified · 2026-09-15 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source

      Bibliographic record retrieved from Crossref. Authors, title, journal, volume, pages and year read directly from that record.

    • doi: verified · 2026-09-15 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source

      DOI resolved and matched against the Crossref bibliographic record.

    • content: unavailable · 2026-09-15 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source

      No abstract or full text available through the indexes consulted. Only the bibliographic record and title were inspected, so this source supports the fact of its own report and not any detail within it.

  15. E. Horak; D. E. Desjardin (2006). Agaricales of Indonesia. 6. Psilocybe (Strophariaceae) from Indonesia (Java, Bali, Lombok). Sydowia 58(1), 15–37. Source record ↗

    Source class: primary.

    Source verification history
    • metadata: verified · 2026-09-14 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source

      Full PDF inspected, title-page bibliographic identity checked; selected eximia account pp. 28–30 extracted. No DOI assigned without verification.

    • content: verified · 2026-09-14 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source

      Full PDF inspected, title-page bibliographic identity checked; selected eximia account pp. 28–30 extracted. No DOI assigned without verification.

  16. Index Fungorum (2026). Index Fungorum name record 18418: Psilocybe (Fr.) P. Kumm., genus. . Source record ↗

    Source class: taxonomic database.

    Source verification history
    • metadata: verified · 2026-09-29 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source

      Genus-level database record identity checked: record number 18418, Psilocybe (Fr.) P. Kumm., rank gen., sanctioning author Fr., page 21, year of publication 1871, name status Legitimate. Bibliographic year 2026 denotes the dated access record, not nomenclatural publication.

    • content: verified · 2026-09-29 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source

      Nomenclatural comment read verbatim from the record: 'Nom. cons. et typ. cons., see Art. 14'. Current name and current-name record number both 18418. The record does not name the conserved type species; that is taken from Niskanen et al. (2026) Table 1. The HTML record page at /Names/NamesRecord.asp?RecordID=18418 returned a Cloudflare interstitial rather than the record, so the Index Fungorum XML web service on the same host was read instead. Both retrievals address the same authority, so this is one route, not two.

  17. Index Fungorum (2026). Index Fungorum: Psilocybe fuscofulva, record 222041 — accessed 12 September 2026. . Source record ↗

    Source class: taxonomic database.

    Source verification history
    • metadata: verified · 2026-09-12 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source

      Database record identity and nomenclatural citation checked; retrieval year is not the scientific publication year.

    • content: verified · 2026-09-12 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source

      Current name, authority and name citation inspected, including basionym where present. This is a name-record check, not inspection of the original protologue.

  18. Index Fungorum (2026). Index Fungorum name record 232492: Psilocybe semilanceata. . Source record ↗

    Source class: taxonomic database.

    Source verification history
    • metadata: verified · 2026-09-08 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source

      Database record identity checked. Bibliographic year denotes the dated access record, not nomenclatural publication.

    • content: verified · 2026-09-08 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source

      Name, author, combination year, basionym, identifier, current-name field and family read directly.

    • content: verified · 2026-09-10 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source

      Name, authority, combination year, basionym and current family rechecked via web retrieval. Direct HTTP download was unavailable.

  19. Index Fungorum (2026). Index Fungorum name record: Psilocybe cubensis. . Source record ↗

    Source class: taxonomic database.

    Source verification history
    • metadata: verified · 2026-09-10 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source

      Bibliographic identity inspected; publication year is distinct from retrieval date.

    • content: verified · 2026-09-10 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source

      Named record and cited fields inspected directly.

  20. Index Fungorum (2026). Index Fungorum name record: Psilocybe cyanescens. . Source record ↗

    Source class: taxonomic database.

    Source verification history
    • metadata: verified · 2026-09-10 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source

      Bibliographic identity inspected; publication year is distinct from retrieval date.

    • content: verified · 2026-09-10 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source

      Named record and cited fields inspected directly.

  21. Index Fungorum (2026). Psilocybe mexicana R. Heim — name record 304487, accessed 11 September 2026. . Source record ↗

    Source class: taxonomic database.

    Source verification history
    • metadata: verified · 2026-09-11 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source

      Record identifier, name, author, publication citation and year checked on the record page.

    • content: verified · 2026-09-11 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source

      Checked current-name assertion, holotype PC 0085751 and Oaxaca mountain-pasture substrate/locality note. No global distribution inferred.

  22. Index Fungorum (2026). Index Fungorum name record 446057: Psilocybe azurescens. . Source record ↗

    Source class: taxonomic database.

    Source verification history
    • metadata: verified · 2026-09-10 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source

      Record identity checked. Bibliographic year denotes access, not nomenclatural publication.

    • content: verified · 2026-09-10 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source

      Name record read through web retrieval. Name, authorship, publication and current-name assertion checked. For 321950 the year is 1969 [1968]; for 515724 the current name is arcana at species rank. This is a dated database assertion, not independent peer review.

  23. Index Fungorum (2026). Index Fungorum: Psilocybe medullosa, record 532147 — accessed 12 September 2026. . Source record ↗

    Source class: taxonomic database.

    Source verification history
    • metadata: verified · 2026-09-12 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source

      Database record identity and nomenclatural citation checked; retrieval year is not the scientific publication year.

    • content: verified · 2026-09-12 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source

      Current name, authority and name citation inspected, including basionym where present. This is a name-record check, not inspection of the original protologue.

  24. Leung A; Paul A (1967). Baeocystin, a Mono-Methyl Analog of Psilocybin from Psilocybe baeocystis Saprophytic Culture. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 56(1), 146. DOI: 10.1002/jps.2600560132 Source record ↗

    Source class: primary.

    Source verification history
    • metadata: verified · 2026-09-15 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source

      Bibliographic record retrieved from Crossref. Authors, title, journal, volume, pages and year read directly from that record.

    • doi: verified · 2026-09-15 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source

      DOI resolved and matched against the Crossref bibliographic record.

    • content: unavailable · 2026-09-15 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source

      No abstract or full text available through the indexes consulted. Only the bibliographic record and title were inspected, so this source supports the fact of its own report and not any detail within it.

  25. Leung A; Paul A (1968). Baeocystin and Norbaeocystin: New Analogs of Psilocybin from Psilocybe baeocystis. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 57(10), 1667-1671. DOI: 10.1002/jps.2600571007 Source record ↗

    Source class: primary.

    Source verification history
    • metadata: verified · 2026-09-15 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source

      Bibliographic record retrieved from Crossref. Authors, title, journal, volume, pages and year read directly from that record.

    • doi: verified · 2026-09-15 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source

      DOI resolved and matched against the Crossref bibliographic record.

    • content: unavailable · 2026-09-15 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source

      No abstract or full text available through the indexes consulted. Only the bibliographic record and title were inspected, so this source supports the fact of its own report and not any detail within it.

  26. NCBI Taxonomy (2026). Psilocybe caerulescens — taxonomy record 891393, accessed 11 September 2026. . Source record ↗

    Source class: taxonomic database.

    Source verification history
    • metadata: verified · 2026-09-11 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source

      Database identity and taxon identifier checked on the record page.

    • content: verified · 2026-09-11 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source

      Current name, author and year checked; this is a database assertion, not a substitute for primary taxonomy. Family placement is not adopted from this record.

  27. T. Niskanen; B. Dentinger; A.M. Ainsworth; I. Kytövuori; J.T. Kim; G.W. Griffith; K. Liimatainen (2026). Re-shaping the family-level classification of Agaricineae (Agaricales, Basidiomycota) using a phylogenomic approach. Studies in Mycology 113(1), 115–134. DOI: 10.3114/sim.2026.113.03 Source record ↗

    Source class: primary.

    Source verification history
    • metadata: verified · 2026-09-10 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source

      Bibliographic identity inspected; publication year is distinct from retrieval date.

    • content: verified · 2026-09-10 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source

      Family treatment Agrocybaceae, Table 1 and classification discussion inspected in the PDF. Effective online date in paper: 1 April 2026; Crossref issue date differs, so the record retains year only.

    • doi: verified · 2026-09-10 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source

      DOI and title matched against the cited bibliographic record; not just resolver availability.

  28. Virginia Ramírez-Cruz; Gastón Guzmán; Alma Rosa Villalobos-Arámbula; Aarón Rodríguez; P. Brandon Matheny; Marisol Sánchez-García; Laura Guzmán-Dávalos (2013). Phylogenetic inference and trait evolution of the psychedelic mushroom genus Psilocybe sensu lato (Agaricales). Botany 91(9), 573-591. DOI: 10.1139/cjb-2013-0070 Source record ↗

    Source class: primary.

    Source verification history
    • metadata: verified · 2026-09-11 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source

      Authors, Botany 91(9):573–591, year 2013 and DOI match the primary PDF and Crossref.

    • content: verified · 2026-09-11 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source

      Read Table 2 entries Ps-329, Ps-308 and Ps-317, Fig. 1 and the mexicanae/zapotecorum clade discussion. Marker accessions are reported from the paper; no sequence reanalysis.

    • doi: verified · 2026-09-11 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source

      DOI, authors, journal and pagination cross-checked against the paper and Crossref.

  29. Virginia Ramírez-Cruz; Gaston Guzmán; Laura Guzmán-Dávalos (2013). Type studies of Psilocybe sensu lato (Strophariaceae, Agaricales). Sydowia 65(2), 277–319. Source record ↗

    Source class: primary.

    Source verification history
    • metadata: verified · 2026-09-10 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source

      Bibliographic identity checked against the publication.

    • content: verified · 2026-09-10 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source

      Full PDF inspected, with goniospora pp. 291–292 and ovoideocystidiata pp. 302–303 read in detail. No numeric microdimensions transcribed because extracted unit glyphs are unreliable. Qualitative cystidial observations and the type voucher are used.

  30. Schoch, Conrad L.; Seifert, Keith A.; Huhndorf, Sabine; Robert, Vincent; Spouge, John L.; Levesque, C. André; Chen, Wen; Fungal Barcoding Consortium (2012). Nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region as a universal DNA barcode marker for Fungi. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109(16), 6241-6246. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1117018109 Source record ↗

    Source class: primary.

    Source verification history
    • metadata: verified · 2026-09-28 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source

      Bibliographic identity inspected: PNAS 109(16): 6241-6246, 2012. Crossref lists 158 authors; the record here gives the first seven and the consortium.

    • doi: verified · 2026-09-28 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source

      DOI resolved separately to the PNAS full-text page.

    • content: verified · 2026-09-28 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source

      Abstract read in Europe PMC: six DNA regions evaluated as candidate barcodes for Fungi by a multinational, multilaboratory consortium. Cited at abstract level for the selection of ITS as the marker; the paper's comparative tables were not read and no figures are reproduced.

  31. Species Fungorum (2026). Species Fungorum: Psilocybe caerulipes, record 197955 — accessed 12 September 2026. . Source record ↗

    Source class: taxonomic database.

    Source verification history
    • metadata: verified · 2026-09-12 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source

      Database record identity and nomenclatural citation checked; retrieval year is not the scientific publication year.

    • content: verified · 2026-09-12 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source

      Current name, authority and name citation inspected, including basionym where present. This is a name-record check, not inspection of the original protologue.

  32. Species Fungorum (2026). Species Fungorum: Psilocybe yungensis, record 313043 — accessed 12 September 2026. . Source record ↗

    Source class: taxonomic database.

    Source verification history
    • metadata: verified · 2026-09-12 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source

      Read name/title, authorship, date and record identity; access year is not nomenclatural publication year.

    • content: verified · 2026-09-12 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source

      Current name, authority, 1958 citation and listed synonyms inspected. Adopt only chiapanensis and subyungensis here, supported by the primary type revision. Index Fungorum name-page retrieval failed; no separate registration identifier is populated.

  33. Paul E. Stamets; Michael W. Beug; Jeremy E. Bigwood; Gastón Guzmán (1980). A new species and a new variety of Psilocybe from North America. Mycotaxon 11(2), 476–484. Source record ↗

    Source class: primary.

    Source verification history
    • metadata: verified · 2026-09-10 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source

      Bibliographic identity checked against the publication.

    • content: verified · 2026-09-10 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source

      Scanned issue: article heading and pp. 480–481 inspected. Historical americana variety retained as the assay identification. No chemistry from the neighbouring cyanofibrillosa treatment is transferred. Variety limits have not been reanalysed.