01Overview
This account connects the 1995 name with later morphological, molecular and chemical studies. The extracted chemistry concerns cultivated research material. [index-fungorum-446057-2026] [borovicka-2008] [windsor-2026]
This is a scientific reference record, not field-identification guidance.
02Nomenclature
- Accepted name
- Psilocybe azurescens
- Authority
- Stamets & Gartz
- Family
- Agrocybaceae
- Publication year
- 1995
- Basionym
- Not yet researched — verification required
- Taxonomic status
- accepted
- MycoBank identifier
- Not yet researched — verification required
- Index Fungorum identifier
- 446057
Synonyms (0 recorded names)
No verified synonyms entered. This does not indicate that synonyms do not exist.
Nomenclatural sources: [index-fungorum-446057-2026] [borovicka-2011] [niskanen-2026]
Research completeness
- taxonomy
- Human reviewed — J Dale, 2026-09-29
Core name and selected treatment checked. Exhaustive synonymy and current MycoBank database verification remain pending.
- overview
- preliminary
Introduction to this scoped account.
- description
- preliminary
Selected primary descriptions or type observations checked. Not a comprehensive modern redescription.
- ecology
- preliminary
Published habitat context only; no exhaustive ecological synthesis.
- distribution
- preliminary
Source-backed locations only. No complete range assessment or occurrence dataset.
- chemistry
- preliminary
Selected studies only; further assay discovery and synthesis remain pending.
- molecular
- preliminary
Published sequence evidence only; no independent sequence analysis.
- history
- preliminary
Nomenclatural history only; broader historical synthesis remains pending.
- conservation
- not researched
Conservation assessments have not yet been researched.
03Taxonomic description
Taxonomic description. These characters are presented for scientific reference and are not intended as field-identification guidance.
Macroscopic characters
Borovička’s treatment records caps 3–6(–10) cm across, usually with a pointed umbo, and stems reaching 20 cm. A fibrous ring zone can occur on the upper stem. These are published taxonomic characters. [borovicka-2008]
Microscopic characters
The same treatment gives ellipsoid spores measuring (11.0–)12.0–13.5(–14.8) × (6.8–)7.2–7.7(–8.0) µm. The bracketed endpoints represent the 5th and 95th percentiles, as defined in the methods. [borovicka-2008]
04Distribution and ecology
Published molecular material includes Oregon voucher PRM 901020 and an East San Francisco Bay collection in the genome study. These records are not a complete range map; laboratory material in the chemistry study adds no wild locality. [borovicka-2011] [bollinger-2025] [windsor-2026]
- Known range
- An American species, introduced to Europe, where it was first reported from a natural habitat in Germany
- Countries with documented material
- United States, Germany
- Habitats
- Not yet researched
- Substrates
- Not yet researched
- Ecological associations
- Not yet researched
- Seasonality
- Not yet researched
Ecological context
Index Fungorum records the type habitat as red-alder wood chips in Oregon. The later genome paper describes its California source material as soil beneath redwood leaf litter. These are separate collection contexts. [index-fungorum-446057-2026] [bollinger-2025]
Occurrence records
Recorded observations are not equivalent to true biological range. Absence of records does not demonstrate absence of a species.
Occurrence provenance & map methods
- Licence / retrieval date
- CC BY-NC 4.0 / 2026-09-15
- Coordinate uncertainty
- Reported for 489 of 544 plotted records. Median 27 km; 35 records at 30 m or finer; coarsest 2412 km. Points are plotted at source precision, so precision varies by orders of magnitude within this map.
- Sensitive records
- unreviewed
- Countries with georeferenced records
- US (502) · CA (17) · SE (8) · PT (5) · AT (3) · FI (3) · NL (2) · BR (1) · CH (1) · DE (1) · PL (1)
Points are plotted at source precision on an equirectangular projection. Two records falling on the same rendered pixel appear as one mark; the downloadable dataset is not reduced. Records published under names this reference has not reconciled, including synonyms, infraspecific taxa and sequence clusters, are excluded rather than reassigned.
05Chemistry
Measurements belong to studies, specimens and methods. A single concentration cannot stand in for a species.
| Study / year | Material | Method | Record |
|---|---|---|---|
| Development of Psilocybe Mushroom Species Reference Material—Cultivation Parameters and Chemical Profiles / 2026 | Freeze-dried mushrooms | HPTLC with densitometric quantification at 273 nm | Details ↓ |
windsor-2026-azurescens-table-3 — specimen, methods & measurements
- Source location
- Table 3, azurescens row; Experimental: preparation, storage and HPTLC quantification
- Verification
- Source checked; see evidence trail
- Measurement basis
- dry mass
- Specimen
- Cultivated mushroom material; no per-sample voucher mapping extracted.
- Material
- Freeze-dried mushrooms
- Sample size
- 12
- Sample counting basis
- N (Samples) = 12 as labelled in Table 3. Independent fruiting-body and collection counts are not specified there.
- Provenance
- Cultivated research material from the Nammex study; not a wild occurrence record.
- Analytical method
- HPTLC with densitometric quantification at 273 nm
- Preparation
- Freeze-dried and ground material; methanol/acetic acid extraction (95:5 v/v), sonication and centrifugation.
- Storage
- Sealed moisture-resistant bags at room temperature in darkness. Per-sample storage intervals are not supplied in the extracted table.
- psilocybin
- 0.81–1.77 % (w/w) (range) — Low–high values, dry weight; Table 3.
- psilocin
- 0.08–0.29 % (w/w) (range) — Low–high values, dry weight; Table 3.
- baeocystin
- not reported — No quantitative value in Table 3; qualitative chromatographic observations are not entered as concentrations.
- norbaeocystin
- not reported — No quantitative value in Table 3; qualitative chromatographic observations are not entered as concentrations.
- aeruginascin
- not reported — No quantitative value in Table 3; qualitative chromatographic observations are not entered as concentrations.
Ranges retain the source’s percent dry weight (w/w), without conversion. Table 3 also reports means ± SD: psilocybin 1.33 ± 0.325%; psilocin 0.20 ± 0.080%. These summarize this dataset only.
Read source recordModern quantitative assays
Psilocybin and psilocin were quantified by HPTLC densitometry at 273 nm. Other alkaloids were examined qualitatively, without concentration values in Table 3. [windsor-2026]
Evidence assessment
One HPTLC study is extracted. It reports concentrations as percent dry weight and counts 12 samples; these are not assumed to be 12 independent wild collections. [windsor-2026]
Assessments depend on material, preparation, storage, sampling and analytical methods. Measurements are literature records, not predictions of effects.
How chemistry records are structured ↗06Molecular evidence
Table 1 of the 2011 study links PRM 901020 to ITS GU565173, LSU GU565166 and EF1α GU565159. The later genome paper reports GCA_040207365.1 and BioSample SAMN39911973. [borovicka-2011] [bollinger-2025]
07History
Index Fungorum cites the name in Integration 6: 21 (1995) and records the holotype as a Stamets collection of 21 November 1993 at WTU. The original 1995 publication has not been inspected for this account. [index-fungorum-446057-2026]
A place for the historical record
This account records the nomenclatural history checked so far. Broader historical research remains pending; interpretations must stay connected to their documentary sources.
08Conservation
Conservation assessments have not yet been researched for this account.
- Assessment status
- Not yet researched
- Assessment authority / year
- Not verified / Not verified
Not researched by Psilocybia, not assessed by a conservation authority, and Least Concern are different states. None should be inferred from another.
09Images & specimens
Space is reserved for field photographs, herbarium specimens, microscopy and historical plates, with source and licence metadata.
Photographs are not presented as sufficient for mushroom identification.
10References
- I.M. Bollinger; H. Singer; J. Jacobs; M. Tyler; K. Scott; C.S. Pauli; D.R. Miller; C. Barlow; A. Rockefeller; J.C. Slot; V. Angel-Mosti (2025). High-quality draft genomes of ecologically and geographically diverse Psilocybe species. Microbiology Resource Announcements 14(2), e00250-24. DOI: 10.1128/mra.00250-24 Source record ↗
Source class: primary.
Source verification history
- metadata: verified · 2026-09-10 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source
Bibliographic identity inspected; publication year is distinct from retrieval date.
- content: verified · 2026-09-10 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source
Table 1 P. semilanceata column and data availability inspected. Issue year 2025; electronic publication was 27 December 2024. Accession copied from paper, assembly not independently reanalysed.
- doi: verified · 2026-09-10 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source
DOI and title matched against the cited bibliographic record; not just resolver availability.
- metadata: verified · 2026-09-10 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source
- Jan Borovička (2008). The wood-rotting bluing Psilocybe species in Central Europe — an identification key. Czech Mycology 60(2), 173–192. DOI: 10.33585/cmy.60202 Source record ↗
Source class: primary.
Source verification history
- metadata: verified · 2026-09-10 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source
PDF, publisher page and Crossref agree on title, author, volume and pages. Citation follows the printed 2008 volume year. Publisher page reports actual release 27 February 2009; Crossref gives 27 February 2008. This discrepancy is retained, not resolved by assumption.
- content: verified · 2026-09-10 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source
Full PDF inspected, especially key pp. 176–177 and treatments pp. 180, 183. Morphological observations are not a current field-identification guide. Species concepts predate the 2011 molecular revision.
- doi: verified · 2026-09-10 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source
DOI, title, authors and journal matched to Crossref metadata and the publication.
- metadata: verified · 2026-09-10 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source
- Jan Borovička; Machiel E. Noordeloos; Milan Gryndler; Miroslav Oborník (2011). Molecular phylogeny of Psilocybe cyanescens complex in Europe, with reference to the position of the secotioid Weraroa novae-zelandiae. Mycological Progress 10(2), 149–155. DOI: 10.1007/s11557-010-0684-3 Source record ↗
Source class: primary.
Source verification history
- metadata: verified · 2026-09-10 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source
Title, four authors, DOI and pages matched to Crossref. Issue year 2011; online publication 8 June 2010. Neither date is presented as a new 2026 revision.
- content: verified · 2026-09-10 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source
Full PDF inspected: sampling limitation p. 150; Table 1 p. 151; results and rank changes pp. 152–153. Failed serbica paratype sequencing is retained. Database disagreement on arcana rank is recorded in the account.
- doi: verified · 2026-09-10 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source
DOI, title, authors and journal matched to Crossref metadata and the publication.
- metadata: verified · 2026-09-10 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source
- GBIF Secretariat (2026). Psilocybe azurescens — GBIF Backbone Taxonomy record 5242469; accessed 29 September 2026. . Source record ↗
Source class: taxonomic database.
Source verification history
- metadata: verified · 2026-09-29 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source
Backbone name record retrieved and confirmed by two independent routes: the strict name-match endpoint returned usageKey 5242469 as an EXACT, ACCEPTED species match, and the record endpoint was then fetched directly and agreed on name, rank and acceptance. The record places Psilocybe in Hymenogastraceae; that placement is not adopted here.
- content: verified · 2026-09-29 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source
Backbone name record retrieved and confirmed by two independent routes: the strict name-match endpoint returned usageKey 5242469 as an EXACT, ACCEPTED species match, and the record endpoint was then fetched directly and agreed on name, rank and acceptance. The record places Psilocybe in Hymenogastraceae; that placement is not adopted here.
- metadata: verified · 2026-09-29 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source
- GBIF.org (2026). GBIF Occurrence Download: georeferenced records for Psilocybe taxa (download 0000371-260915150036944). . DOI: 10.15468/dl.dhgzxa Source record ↗
Source class: primary.
Source verification history
- metadata: verified · 2026-09-29 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source
Download record retrieved from the GBIF API. Key 0000371-260915150036944, DOI 10.15468/dl.dhgzxa, status SUCCEEDED, created 2026-09-15, 31,439 records drawn from 294 datasets, SIMPLE_CSV format, licence http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/legalcode. The DOI and the record count were confirmed against the archive held locally rather than assumed from the filename.
- doi: verified · 2026-09-29 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source
DOI read from the download record returned by the GBIF API and matched to the download key of the archive used to generate the occurrence maps.
- content: verified · 2026-09-29 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source
The archive was read row by row to generate the published maps and the per-country counts. 31,208 rows carry usable coordinates and a taxonKey this reference maps to one of its own records; 231 rows fall under synonyms, infraspecific taxa or sequence clusters and are excluded rather than reassigned. Coordinate uncertainty is reported for about 90 per cent of rows, with a median near 7 km and a coarsest value above 5,000 km, so individual points vary enormously in precision. 25 per cent of the country entries derived from this download rest on a single record, and the majority of records are human observations rather than preserved specimens; counts are therefore published alongside every country.
- metadata: verified · 2026-09-29 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source
- iNaturalist (2026). Psilocybe azurescens — iNaturalist taxon 179652; accessed 29 September 2026. . Source record ↗
Source class: taxonomic database.
Source verification history
- metadata: verified · 2026-09-29 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source
Taxon record retrieved and confirmed by two independent routes: a name query returned exactly one active species taxon named Psilocybe azurescens with id 179652, and the record endpoint was then fetched directly and agreed on name, rank and active status. This is an identifier for a community observation platform, not a taxonomic authority.
- content: verified · 2026-09-29 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source
Taxon record retrieved and confirmed by two independent routes: a name query returned exactly one active species taxon named Psilocybe azurescens with id 179652, and the record endpoint was then fetched directly and agreed on name, rank and active status. This is an identifier for a community observation platform, not a taxonomic authority.
- metadata: verified · 2026-09-29 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source
- Index Fungorum (2026). Index Fungorum name record 446057: Psilocybe azurescens. . Source record ↗
Source class: taxonomic database.
Source verification history
- metadata: verified · 2026-09-10 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source
Record identity checked. Bibliographic year denotes access, not nomenclatural publication.
- content: verified · 2026-09-10 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source
Name record read through web retrieval. Name, authorship, publication and current-name assertion checked. For 321950 the year is 1969 [1968]; for 515724 the current name is arcana at species rank. This is a dated database assertion, not independent peer review.
- metadata: verified · 2026-09-10 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source
- T. Niskanen; B. Dentinger; A.M. Ainsworth; I. Kytövuori; J.T. Kim; G.W. Griffith; K. Liimatainen (2026). Re-shaping the family-level classification of Agaricineae (Agaricales, Basidiomycota) using a phylogenomic approach. Studies in Mycology 113(1), 115–134. DOI: 10.3114/sim.2026.113.03 Source record ↗
Source class: primary.
Source verification history
- metadata: verified · 2026-09-10 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source
Bibliographic identity inspected; publication year is distinct from retrieval date.
- content: verified · 2026-09-10 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source
Family treatment Agrocybaceae, Table 1 and classification discussion inspected in the PDF. Effective online date in paper: 1 April 2026; Crossref issue date differs, so the record retains year only.
- doi: verified · 2026-09-10 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source
DOI and title matched against the cited bibliographic record; not just resolver availability.
- metadata: verified · 2026-09-10 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source
- Coleton Windsor; Anna E Kreynes; Jeff S Chilton; William A Chioffi; Christopher Niebergall; Kelsey Dodds (2026). Development of Psilocybe Mushroom Species Reference Material—Cultivation Parameters and Chemical Profiles. Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 109(1), 37–50. DOI: 10.1093/jaoacint/qsaf007 Source record ↗
Source class: primary.
Source verification history
- metadata: verified · 2026-09-10 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source
Publisher and Crossref title, six authors, DOI, volume and pages agree. Citation uses 2026 issue year; first online publication was 17 February 2025.
- content: verified · 2026-09-10 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source
Full publisher HTML inspected. Azurescens Table 3 row, dry weight basis, N(samples), sample preparation, storage and densitometry checked. No cultivation instructions extracted. Qualitative minor-alkaloid bands are not entered as concentrations.
- doi: verified · 2026-09-10 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source
DOI, title, authors and journal matched to Crossref metadata and the publication.
- metadata: verified · 2026-09-10 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source
Claim provenance
Source checks record what was inspected. Publication approval and section review are separate editorial decisions.
Core name and adopted species treatment; full synonymy is not claimed.
Fields: taxonomy.canonical_name, taxonomy.accepted_name, taxonomy.genus, taxonomy.specific_epithet, taxonomy.authority, taxonomy.publication_year, taxonomy.status, taxonomy.index_fungorum_id
- index-fungorum-446057-2026 — Name, publication and current-name fields
Source checked · Accessed 2026-09-10 · Psilocybia editorial. Checked against the cited source by the Psilocybia editorial process.
- borovicka-2011 — Table 1 and results
Source checked · Accessed 2026-09-10 · Psilocybia editorial. Checked against the cited source by the Psilocybia editorial process.
Agrocybaceae follows the 2026 family revision.
Fields: taxonomy.family
- niskanen-2026 — Table 1 and Agrocybaceae treatment
Source checked · Accessed 2026-09-10 · Psilocybia editorial. Checked against the cited source by the Psilocybia editorial process.
This account connects the 1995 name with later morphological, molecular and chemical studies. The extracted chemistry concerns cultivated research material.
Fields: overview.text
- index-fungorum-446057-2026 — Name record
Source checked · Accessed 2026-09-10 · Psilocybia editorial. Checked against the cited source by the Psilocybia editorial process.
- borovicka-2008 — pp. 176–177, 180
Source checked · Accessed 2026-09-10 · Psilocybia editorial. Checked against the cited source by the Psilocybia editorial process.
- windsor-2026 — Table 3
Source checked · Accessed 2026-09-10 · Psilocybia editorial. Checked against the cited source by the Psilocybia editorial process.
Borovička’s treatment records caps 3–6(–10) cm across, usually with a pointed umbo, and stems reaching 20 cm. A fibrous ring zone can occur on the upper stem. These are published taxonomic characters.
Fields: description.macroscopic.text
- borovicka-2008 — Key pp. 176–177
Source checked · Accessed 2026-09-10 · Psilocybia editorial. Checked against the cited source by the Psilocybia editorial process.
The same treatment gives ellipsoid spores measuring (11.0–)12.0–13.5(–14.8) × (6.8–)7.2–7.7(–8.0) µm. The bracketed endpoints represent the 5th and 95th percentiles, as defined in the methods.
Fields: description.microscopic.text
- borovicka-2008 — Methods p. 175; key p. 176
Source checked · Accessed 2026-09-10 · Psilocybia editorial. Checked against the cited source by the Psilocybia editorial process.
Index Fungorum records the type habitat as red-alder wood chips in Oregon. The later genome paper describes its California source material as soil beneath redwood leaf litter. These are separate collection contexts.
Fields: ecology.narrative.text
- index-fungorum-446057-2026 — Host–substratum/locality
Source checked · Accessed 2026-09-10 · Psilocybia editorial. Checked against the cited source by the Psilocybia editorial process.
- bollinger-2025 — Table 1, azurescens column
Source checked · Accessed 2026-09-10 · Psilocybia editorial. Checked against the cited source by the Psilocybia editorial process.
Published molecular material includes Oregon voucher PRM 901020 and an East San Francisco Bay collection in the genome study. These records are not a complete range map; laboratory material in the chemistry study adds no wild locality.
Fields: distribution.narrative.text
- borovicka-2011 — Table 1, P01
Source checked · Accessed 2026-09-10 · Psilocybia editorial. Checked against the cited source by the Psilocybia editorial process.
- bollinger-2025 — Table 1, azurescens column
Source checked · Accessed 2026-09-10 · Psilocybia editorial. Checked against the cited source by the Psilocybia editorial process.
- windsor-2026 — Experimental, source of cultivated material
Source checked · Accessed 2026-09-10 · Psilocybia editorial. Checked against the cited source by the Psilocybia editorial process.
Table 1 of the 2011 study links PRM 901020 to ITS GU565173, LSU GU565166 and EF1α GU565159. The later genome paper reports GCA_040207365.1 and BioSample SAMN39911973.
Fields: molecular.text
- borovicka-2011 — Table 1 p. 151
Source checked · Accessed 2026-09-10 · Psilocybia editorial. Checked against the cited source by the Psilocybia editorial process.
- bollinger-2025 — Table 1, azurescens column
Source checked · Accessed 2026-09-10 · Psilocybia editorial. Checked against the cited source by the Psilocybia editorial process.
Index Fungorum cites the name in Integration 6: 21 (1995) and records the holotype as a Stamets collection of 21 November 1993 at WTU. The original 1995 publication has not been inspected for this account.
Fields: history.text
- index-fungorum-446057-2026 — Name record and typification
Source checked · Accessed 2026-09-10 · Psilocybia editorial. Checked against the cited source by the Psilocybia editorial process.
One HPTLC study is extracted. It reports concentrations as percent dry weight and counts 12 samples; these are not assumed to be 12 independent wild collections.
Fields: chemistry.summary.text, chemistry.evidence_status
- windsor-2026 — Table 3 and Experimental
Source checked · Accessed 2026-09-10 · Psilocybia editorial. Checked against the cited source by the Psilocybia editorial process.
Psilocybin and psilocin were quantified by HPTLC densitometry at 273 nm. Other alkaloids were examined qualitatively, without concentration values in Table 3.
Fields: chemistry.modern_assay.text
- windsor-2026 — Calibration and quantitative analysis; Table 3; Figure 4
Source checked · Accessed 2026-09-10 · Psilocybia editorial. Checked against the cited source by the Psilocybia editorial process.
Table 3 ranges, sample count and method context retained.
Fields: chemistry.assays.0
- windsor-2026 — Table 3, azurescens row; Experimental: preparation, storage and HPTLC quantification
Source checked · Accessed 2026-09-10 · Psilocybia editorial. Checked against the cited source by the Psilocybia editorial process.
544 georeferenced records for this name in the cited GBIF download, plotted as 217 distinct positions and spanning 11 country codes, of which 4 rest on a single record. These are record locations, not a compiled range: no range has been researched for this account.
Fields: distribution.occurrence
- gbif-download-dhgzxa-2026 — Download 0000371-260915150036944; rows matched on taxonKey
Source checked · Accessed 2026-09-15 · Psilocybia editorial. Archive read row by row to generate the published map and the per-country counts. Rows under synonyms, infraspecific taxa and sequence clusters are excluded rather than reassigned.
Database identifiers for this species, recorded so a reader can retrieve the same records. The GBIF backbone still places Psilocybe in Hymenogastraceae, whereas this site follows the 2026 family revision and treats the genus in Agrocybaceae; citing the identifier is not an endorsement of that placement.
Fields: distribution.gbif_taxon_id, distribution.inaturalist_taxon_id
- gbif-5242469-2026 — Backbone taxon record 5242469
Source checked · Accessed 2026-09-29 · Psilocybia editorial. Identifier confirmed against the backbone record by two endpoints.
- inaturalist-179652-2026 — Taxon record 179652
Source checked · Accessed 2026-09-29 · Psilocybia editorial. Identifier confirmed against the taxon record by two endpoints.
Distribution as given in the 2008 revision, which reports it as an American species introduced to Europe and attributes the European occurrence to recent amateur outdoor cultivation. That paper gives no phenology beyond noting it is probably similar to P. cyanescens, so seasonality is left unfilled rather than published as a hedge.
Fields: distribution.regions, distribution.countries
- borovicka-2008 — Habitat, ecology and distribution statements
Source checked · Accessed 2026-09-29 · Psilocybia editorial. Read directly in the cited text; the passage was anchored to this species entry.