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PSILOCYBIAA monograph for the digital age.
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Psilocybia / The Index / Species record

The Psilocybe Index / Species account

Psilocybe azurescens

Stamets & Gartz

Taxonomy: acceptedChemistry: Limited quantitative evidenceMolecular data: Agent source-checked

Selected scientific sources researched and checked by Codex. No human scientific review. This account is incomplete; section notes define its scope. Quantitative records describe source material, never an expected species concentration.

01Overview

Agent source-checked

This account connects the 1995 name with later morphological, molecular and chemical studies. The extracted chemistry concerns cultivated research material. [index-fungorum-446057-2026] [borovicka-2008] [windsor-2026]

This is a scientific reference record, not field-identification guidance.

02Nomenclature

Accepted name
Psilocybe azurescens
Authority
Stamets & Gartz
Family
Agrocybaceae
Publication year
1995
Basionym
Not yet researched — verification required
Taxonomic status
accepted
MycoBank identifier
Not yet researched — verification required
Index Fungorum identifier
446057
Synonyms (0 recorded names)

No verified synonyms entered. This does not indicate that synonyms do not exist.

Nomenclatural sources: [index-fungorum-446057-2026] [borovicka-2011] [niskanen-2026]

Research completeness

taxonomy
Agent source-checked — Codex (agent), 2026-09-10

Core name and selected treatment checked. Exhaustive synonymy and current MycoBank database verification remain pending.

overview
preliminary

Introduction to this scoped account.

description
preliminary

Selected primary descriptions or type observations checked. Not a comprehensive modern redescription.

ecology
preliminary

Published habitat context only; no exhaustive ecological synthesis.

distribution
preliminary

Source-backed locations only. No complete range assessment or occurrence dataset.

chemistry
preliminary

Selected studies only; further assay discovery and synthesis remain pending.

molecular
preliminary

Published sequence evidence only; no independent sequence analysis.

history
preliminary

Nomenclatural history only; broader historical synthesis remains pending.

conservation
not researched

Conservation assessments have not yet been researched.

03Taxonomic description

Taxonomic description. These characters are presented for scientific reference and are not intended as field-identification guidance.

Macroscopic characters

Agent source-checked

Borovička’s treatment records caps 3–6(–10) cm across, usually with a pointed umbo, and stems reaching 20 cm. A fibrous ring zone can occur on the upper stem. These are published taxonomic characters. [borovicka-2008]

Microscopic characters

Agent source-checked

The same treatment gives ellipsoid spores measuring (11.0–)12.0–13.5(–14.8) × (6.8–)7.2–7.7(–8.0) µm. The bracketed endpoints represent the 5th and 95th percentiles, as defined in the methods. [borovicka-2008]

04Distribution and ecology

Agent source-checked

Published molecular material includes Oregon voucher PRM 901020 and an East San Francisco Bay collection in the genome study. These records are not a complete range map; laboratory material in the chemistry study adds no wild locality. [borovicka-2011] [bollinger-2025] [windsor-2026]

Known range
Not yet researched
Habitats
Not yet researched
Substrates
Not yet researched
Ecological associations
Not yet researched
Seasonality
Not yet researched

Ecological context

Agent source-checked

Index Fungorum records the type habitat as red-alder wood chips in Oregon. The later genome paper describes its California source material as soil beneath redwood leaf litter. These are separate collection contexts. [index-fungorum-446057-2026] [bollinger-2025]

Occurrence records

Occurrence map — awaiting verified records

No occurrence points loaded.

Recorded observations are not equivalent to true biological range. Absence of records does not demonstrate absence of a species.

Occurrence provenance & future map methods
Source
Not yet supplied
Licence / retrieval date
Awaiting licence / Not retrieved
Coordinate uncertainty
Not reviewed
Sensitive records
unreviewed

Future ingestion will review licensing, coordinate uncertainty and sensitive locations. Sampling, clustering and date filters will operate on separately loaded datasets; no coordinates are embedded in this page.

05Chemistry

Measurements belong to studies, specimens and methods. A single concentration cannot stand in for a species.

Published assays · Measurements retain their original methodological context.
Study / yearMaterialMethodRecord
Development of Psilocybe Mushroom Species Reference Material—Cultivation Parameters and Chemical Profiles / 2026Freeze-dried mushroomsHPTLC with densitometric quantification at 273 nmDetails ↓
windsor-2026-azurescens-table-3 — specimen, methods & measurements
Source location
Table 3, azurescens row; Experimental: preparation, storage and HPTLC quantification
Verification
Source checked; see evidence trail
Measurement basis
dry mass
Specimen
Cultivated mushroom material; no per-sample voucher mapping extracted.
Material
Freeze-dried mushrooms
Sample size
12
Sample counting basis
N (Samples) = 12 as labelled in Table 3. Independent fruiting-body and collection counts are not specified there.
Provenance
Cultivated research material from the Nammex study; not a wild occurrence record.
Analytical method
HPTLC with densitometric quantification at 273 nm
Preparation
Freeze-dried and ground material; methanol/acetic acid extraction (95:5 v/v), sonication and centrifugation.
Storage
Sealed moisture-resistant bags at room temperature in darkness. Per-sample storage intervals are not supplied in the extracted table.
psilocybin
0.81–1.77 % (w/w) (range) — Low–high values, dry weight; Table 3.
psilocin
0.08–0.29 % (w/w) (range) — Low–high values, dry weight; Table 3.
baeocystin
not reported — No quantitative value in Table 3; qualitative chromatographic observations are not entered as concentrations.
norbaeocystin
not reported — No quantitative value in Table 3; qualitative chromatographic observations are not entered as concentrations.
aeruginascin
not reported — No quantitative value in Table 3; qualitative chromatographic observations are not entered as concentrations.

Ranges retain the source’s percent dry weight (w/w), without conversion. Table 3 also reports means ± SD: psilocybin 1.33 ± 0.325%; psilocin 0.20 ± 0.080%. These summarize this dataset only.

Read source record

Modern quantitative assays

Agent source-checked

Psilocybin and psilocin were quantified by HPTLC densitometry at 273 nm. Other alkaloids were examined qualitatively, without concentration values in Table 3. [windsor-2026]

Evidence assessment

Agent source-checked

One HPTLC study is extracted. It reports concentrations as percent dry weight and counts 12 samples; these are not assumed to be 12 independent wild collections. [windsor-2026]

Assessments depend on material, preparation, storage, sampling and analytical methods. Measurements are literature records, not predictions of effects.

How chemistry records are structured ↗

06Molecular evidence

Agent source-checked

Table 1 of the 2011 study links PRM 901020 to ITS GU565173, LSU GU565166 and EF1α GU565159. The later genome paper reports GCA_040207365.1 and BioSample SAMN39911973. [borovicka-2011] [bollinger-2025]

07History

Agent source-checked

Index Fungorum cites the name in Integration 6: 21 (1995) and records the holotype as a Stamets collection of 21 November 1993 at WTU. The original 1995 publication has not been inspected for this account. [index-fungorum-446057-2026]

A place for the historical record

This account records the nomenclatural history checked so far. Broader historical research remains pending; interpretations must stay connected to their documentary sources.

Reading the scientific record ↗

08Conservation

Not yet researched

Conservation assessments have not yet been researched for this account.

Assessment status
Not yet researched
Assessment authority / year
Not verified / Not verified

Not researched by Psilocybia, not assessed by a conservation authority, and Least Concern are different states. None should be inferred from another.

09Images & specimens

No verified, licensed scientific images supplied

Space is reserved for field photographs, herbarium specimens, microscopy and historical plates, with source and licence metadata.

Photographs are not presented as sufficient for mushroom identification.

10References

  1. T. Niskanen; B. Dentinger; A.M. Ainsworth; I. Kytövuori; J.T. Kim; G.W. Griffith; K. Liimatainen (2026). Re-shaping the family-level classification of Agaricineae (Agaricales, Basidiomycota) using a phylogenomic approach. Studies in Mycology 113(1), 115–134. DOI: 10.3114/sim.2026.113.03 Source record ↗

    Source class: primary.

    Source verification history
    • metadata: verified · 2026-09-10 · Codex (agent) (agent). Verification source

      Bibliographic identity inspected; publication year is distinct from retrieval date.

    • content: verified · 2026-09-10 · Codex (agent) (agent). Verification source

      Family treatment Agrocybaceae, Table 1 and classification discussion inspected in the PDF. Effective online date in paper: 1 April 2026; Crossref issue date differs, so the record retains year only.

    • doi: verified · 2026-09-10 · Codex (agent) (agent). Verification source

      DOI and title matched against the cited bibliographic record; not just resolver availability.

  2. I.M. Bollinger; H. Singer; J. Jacobs; M. Tyler; K. Scott; C.S. Pauli; D.R. Miller; C. Barlow; A. Rockefeller; J.C. Slot; V. Angel-Mosti (2025). High-quality draft genomes of ecologically and geographically diverse Psilocybe species. Microbiology Resource Announcements 14(2), e00250-24. DOI: 10.1128/mra.00250-24 Source record ↗

    Source class: primary.

    Source verification history
    • metadata: verified · 2026-09-10 · Codex (agent) (agent). Verification source

      Bibliographic identity inspected; publication year is distinct from retrieval date.

    • content: verified · 2026-09-10 · Codex (agent) (agent). Verification source

      Table 1 P. semilanceata column and data availability inspected. Issue year 2025; electronic publication was 27 December 2024. Accession copied from paper, assembly not independently reanalysed.

    • doi: verified · 2026-09-10 · Codex (agent) (agent). Verification source

      DOI and title matched against the cited bibliographic record; not just resolver availability.

  3. Jan Borovička (2008). The wood-rotting bluing Psilocybe species in Central Europe — an identification key. Czech Mycology 60(2), 173–192. DOI: 10.33585/cmy.60202 Source record ↗

    Source class: primary.

    Source verification history
    • metadata: verified · 2026-09-10 · Codex (agent) (agent). Verification source

      PDF, publisher page and Crossref agree on title, author, volume and pages. Citation follows the printed 2008 volume year. Publisher page reports actual release 27 February 2009; Crossref gives 27 February 2008. This discrepancy is retained, not resolved by assumption.

    • content: verified · 2026-09-10 · Codex (agent) (agent). Verification source

      Full PDF inspected, especially key pp. 176–177 and treatments pp. 180, 183. Morphological observations are not a current field-identification guide. Species concepts predate the 2011 molecular revision.

    • doi: verified · 2026-09-10 · Codex (agent) (agent). Verification source

      DOI, title, authors and journal matched to Crossref metadata and the publication.

  4. Jan Borovička; Machiel E. Noordeloos; Milan Gryndler; Miroslav Oborník (2011). Molecular phylogeny of Psilocybe cyanescens complex in Europe, with reference to the position of the secotioid Weraroa novae-zelandiae. Mycological Progress 10(2), 149–155. DOI: 10.1007/s11557-010-0684-3 Source record ↗

    Source class: primary.

    Source verification history
    • metadata: verified · 2026-09-10 · Codex (agent) (agent). Verification source

      Title, four authors, DOI and pages matched to Crossref. Issue year 2011; online publication 8 June 2010. Neither date is presented as a new 2026 revision.

    • content: verified · 2026-09-10 · Codex (agent) (agent). Verification source

      Full PDF inspected: sampling limitation p. 150; Table 1 p. 151; results and rank changes pp. 152–153. Failed serbica paratype sequencing is retained. Database disagreement on arcana rank is recorded in the account.

    • doi: verified · 2026-09-10 · Codex (agent) (agent). Verification source

      DOI, title, authors and journal matched to Crossref metadata and the publication.

  5. Coleton Windsor; Anna E Kreynes; Jeff S Chilton; William A Chioffi; Christopher Niebergall; Kelsey Dodds (2026). Development of Psilocybe Mushroom Species Reference Material—Cultivation Parameters and Chemical Profiles. Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 109(1), 37–50. DOI: 10.1093/jaoacint/qsaf007 Source record ↗

    Source class: primary.

    Source verification history
    • metadata: verified · 2026-09-10 · Codex (agent) (agent). Verification source

      Publisher and Crossref title, six authors, DOI, volume and pages agree. Citation uses 2026 issue year; first online publication was 17 February 2025.

    • content: verified · 2026-09-10 · Codex (agent) (agent). Verification source

      Full publisher HTML inspected. Azurescens Table 3 row, dry weight basis, N(samples), sample preparation, storage and densitometry checked. No cultivation instructions extracted. Qualitative minor-alkaloid bands are not entered as concentrations.

    • doi: verified · 2026-09-10 · Codex (agent) (agent). Verification source

      DOI, title, authors and journal matched to Crossref metadata and the publication.

  6. Index Fungorum (2026). Index Fungorum name record 446057: Psilocybe azurescens. . Source record ↗

    Source class: taxonomic database.

    Source verification history
    • metadata: verified · 2026-09-10 · Codex (agent) (agent). Verification source

      Record identity checked. Bibliographic year denotes access, not nomenclatural publication.

    • content: verified · 2026-09-10 · Codex (agent) (agent). Verification source

      Name record read through web retrieval. Name, authorship, publication and current-name assertion checked. For 321950 the year is 1969 [1968]; for 515724 the current name is arcana at species rank. This is a dated database assertion, not independent peer review.

Claim provenance

Source checks record what was inspected. Publication approval and section review are separate editorial decisions.

Core name and adopted species treatment; full synonymy is not claimed.

Fields: taxonomy.canonical_name, taxonomy.accepted_name, taxonomy.genus, taxonomy.specific_epithet, taxonomy.authority, taxonomy.publication_year, taxonomy.status, taxonomy.index_fungorum_id

Agrocybaceae follows the 2026 family revision.

Fields: taxonomy.family

This account connects the 1995 name with later morphological, molecular and chemical studies. The extracted chemistry concerns cultivated research material.

Fields: overview.text

  • index-fungorum-446057-2026 — Name record

    Source checked · Accessed 2026-09-10 · Codex (agent). Checked against the cited source by Codex; no human scientific review.

  • borovicka-2008 — pp. 176–177, 180

    Source checked · Accessed 2026-09-10 · Codex (agent). Checked against the cited source by Codex; no human scientific review.

  • windsor-2026 — Table 3

    Source checked · Accessed 2026-09-10 · Codex (agent). Checked against the cited source by Codex; no human scientific review.

Borovička’s treatment records caps 3–6(–10) cm across, usually with a pointed umbo, and stems reaching 20 cm. A fibrous ring zone can occur on the upper stem. These are published taxonomic characters.

Fields: description.macroscopic.text

  • borovicka-2008 — Key pp. 176–177

    Source checked · Accessed 2026-09-10 · Codex (agent). Checked against the cited source by Codex; no human scientific review.

The same treatment gives ellipsoid spores measuring (11.0–)12.0–13.5(–14.8) × (6.8–)7.2–7.7(–8.0) µm. The bracketed endpoints represent the 5th and 95th percentiles, as defined in the methods.

Fields: description.microscopic.text

Index Fungorum records the type habitat as red-alder wood chips in Oregon. The later genome paper describes its California source material as soil beneath redwood leaf litter. These are separate collection contexts.

Fields: ecology.narrative.text

Published molecular material includes Oregon voucher PRM 901020 and an East San Francisco Bay collection in the genome study. These records are not a complete range map; laboratory material in the chemistry study adds no wild locality.

Fields: distribution.narrative.text

Table 1 of the 2011 study links PRM 901020 to ITS GU565173, LSU GU565166 and EF1α GU565159. The later genome paper reports GCA_040207365.1 and BioSample SAMN39911973.

Fields: molecular.text

Index Fungorum cites the name in Integration 6: 21 (1995) and records the holotype as a Stamets collection of 21 November 1993 at WTU. The original 1995 publication has not been inspected for this account.

Fields: history.text

One HPTLC study is extracted. It reports concentrations as percent dry weight and counts 12 samples; these are not assumed to be 12 independent wild collections.

Fields: chemistry.summary.text, chemistry.evidence_status

Psilocybin and psilocin were quantified by HPTLC densitometry at 273 nm. Other alkaloids were examined qualitatively, without concentration values in Table 3.

Fields: chemistry.modern_assay.text

Table 3 ranges, sample count and method context retained.

Fields: chemistry.assays.0