01Overview
P. caerulescens is retained here as a species represented in a primary multigene study and a small Mexican chemical-assay collection. The account is preliminary: modern descriptive synthesis, original-name publication and comprehensive synonymy still need work. [ramirez-cruz-2013-phylogeny] [gotvaldova-2022]
This is a scientific reference record, not field-identification guidance.
Psilocybe caerulescens
Jalisco, Mexico · 2011-08-08
Source identification: Psilocybe caerulescens. Mushroom Observer observation 84252.
Photograph: Alan Rockefeller · Source · CC BY-SA 3.0
Resized and re-encoded; full composition retained.
02Nomenclature
- Accepted name
- Psilocybe caerulescens
- Authority
- Murrill
- Family
- Agrocybaceae
- Publication year
- 1923
- Basionym
- Not yet researched — verification required
- Taxonomic status
- accepted
- MycoBank identifier
- Not yet researched — verification required
- Index Fungorum identifier
- Not yet researched — verification required
Synonyms (0 recorded names)
No verified synonyms entered. This does not indicate that synonyms do not exist.
Nomenclatural sources: [ncbi-891393-2026] [ramirez-cruz-2013-phylogeny] [niskanen-2026]
Research completeness
- taxonomy
- Agent source-checked — Codex (agent), 2026-09-11
Current name and scoped inclusion checked against database and primary literature. This does not claim exhaustive synonymy or resolution of every species boundary. NCBI is used only for name identity and type metadata; its retrieved family placement is not adopted. Unchecked Index Fungorum/MycoBank identifiers remain blank.
- overview
- preliminary
Selected passages checked; comprehensive synthesis remains pending.
- description
- preliminary
Selected passages checked; comprehensive synthesis remains pending.
- ecology
- preliminary
Selected passages checked; comprehensive synthesis remains pending.
- distribution
- preliminary
Selected passages checked; comprehensive synthesis remains pending.
- chemistry
- preliminary
Selected passages checked; comprehensive synthesis remains pending.
- molecular
- preliminary
Selected passages checked; comprehensive synthesis remains pending.
- history
- preliminary
Selected passages checked; comprehensive synthesis remains pending.
- conservation
- not researched
Conservation assessment research pending; no threat category inferred.
03Taxonomic description
Taxonomic description. These characters are presented for scientific reference and are not intended as field-identification guidance.
Macroscopic characters
A source-checked macroscopic description has not yet been assembled for this account.
Microscopic characters
The 2013 study illustrates P. caerulescens basidiospore wall structure in Figure 3a. Its placement in the mexicanae subclade contrasts with the morphology-based Cordisporae classification listed for it in Table 2. A complete species-level microscopic description remains pending. [ramirez-cruz-2013-phylogeny]
04Distribution and ecology
The 2022 study documents Mexican collection PS-50, collected 11.08.2016 and analysed in April 2018. This is collection provenance, not a complete range or an occurrence dataset. [gotvaldova-2022]
- Known range
- Not yet researched
- Habitats
- Not yet researched
- Substrates
- Not yet researched
- Ecological associations
- Not yet researched
- Seasonality
- Not yet researched
Ecological context
The 2013 phylogenetic study discusses P. caerulescens and P. mexicana in tropical and subtropical meadows and forests of the Americas. This is a broad literature statement; precise substrate associations and local habitat records need further synthesis. [ramirez-cruz-2013-phylogeny]
Occurrence records
Occurrence map — awaiting verified records
No occurrence points loaded.
Recorded observations are not equivalent to true biological range. Absence of records does not demonstrate absence of a species.
Occurrence provenance & future map methods
- Source
- Not yet supplied
- Licence / retrieval date
- Awaiting licence / Not retrieved
- Coordinate uncertainty
- Not reviewed
- Sensitive records
- unreviewed
Future ingestion will review licensing, coordinate uncertainty and sensitive locations. Sampling, clustering and date filters will operate on separately loaded datasets; no coordinates are embedded in this page.
05Chemistry
Measurements belong to studies, specimens and methods. A single concentration cannot stand in for a species.
| Study / year | Material | Method | Record |
|---|---|---|---|
| Extensive Collection of Psychotropic Mushrooms with Determination of Their Tryptamine Alkaloids / 2022 | Dried fruiting bodies | UHPLC–MS/MS (triple quadrupole; positive electrospray; dynamic multiple reaction monitoring) | Details ↓ |
gotvaldova-2022-caerulescens-table-1 — specimen, methods & measurements
- Source location
- Table 1, Psilocybe caerulescens row; sections 3.2–3.4; Supplementary Table S1, PS-50; section 2.2, Mexican species discussion
- Verification
- Source checked; see evidence trail
- Measurement basis
- dry mass
- Specimen
- Psilocybe caerulescens as identified in the source; whole fruiting bodies.
- Material
- Dried fruiting bodies
- Sample size
- 2
- Sample counting basis
- 2 fruiting bodies (fb) from 1 collection (n), as defined by Table 1.
- Provenance
- Mexican collection PS-50; section 2.2 explains that no fungarium material was deposited because only two fruiting bodies were available. ITS sequencing documented the collection.
- Analytical method
- UHPLC–MS/MS (triple quadrupole; positive electrospray; dynamic multiple reaction monitoring)
- Preparation
- Dried, homogenized fruiting bodies; acidified methanol extraction and re-extraction (section 3.3).
- Storage
- Dried material kept in darkness at 20 °C (section 3.2). Collection and analysis dates are retained below; exact storage durations are not inferred.
- psilocybin
- 0.225–0.31 mg/g (range) — Dry-mass range as printed in Table 1.
- psilocin
- 0.341–0.413 mg/g (range) — Dry-mass range as printed in Table 1.
- baeocystin
- 0.009–0.013 mg/g (range) — Dry-mass range as printed in Table 1.
- norbaeocystin
- not detected — Table 1 reports <LOD; not a zero concentration.
- aeruginascin
- below loq — Table 1 reports <LOQ; not a zero concentration.
Collections in the source
Dates retain the precision reported by the study. These collections underlie the aggregate ranges; individual concentrations have not been inferred.
PS-50 · Mexico
- Collected
- 11.08.2016
- Analysed
- April 2018
- Voucher
- Not reported
- GenBank accession
- MN901952
Fungarium ID is a dash in Table S1; accession transcribed from that table, not independently reanalysed.
This one-collection assay is not a species-wide concentration estimate. Collection and analysis dates do not establish an exact storage duration. Detection and quantification limits are distinct; no missing or censored result is converted to zero. The source gives Mexico as origin without an explicit wild-versus-cultivated designation in Table S1.
Read source recordModern quantitative assays
Gotvaldová and colleagues used UHPLC–MS/MS to measure five tryptamine alkaloids. The method and preparation context accompany the assay record. [gotvaldova-2022]
Evidence assessment
One 2022 assay is extracted here, with its collection context and dry-mass measurements. Its small sample cannot establish a typical concentration for the species. [gotvaldova-2022]
Assessments depend on material, preparation, storage, sampling and analytical methods. Measurements are literature records, not predictions of effects.
How chemistry records are structured ↗06Molecular evidence
Mexican specimen Ps-329, I.J. Franco-Galván 1 (IBUG), is represented by ITS KC669281, LSU KC669317 and rpb1 KC669342 in the 2013 study. The analysis places P. caerulescens with P. mexicana and P. samuiensis. These are published results, not a new analysis of the sequences. [ramirez-cruz-2013-phylogeny]
07History
NCBI records the name as P. caerulescens Murrill, 1923 and lists isotype MICH 12125. The 2022 assay supplement cites Mycologia 15(1):20 as its original publication. The original 1923 paper has not been inspected for this account. [ncbi-891393-2026] [gotvaldova-2022]
A place for the historical record
This account records the nomenclatural history checked so far. Broader historical research remains pending; interpretations must stay connected to their documentary sources.
08Conservation
Placeholder — verified scientific content required
- Assessment status
- Not yet researched
- Assessment authority / year
- Not verified / Not verified
Not researched by Psilocybia, not assessed by a conservation authority, and Least Concern are different states. None should be inferred from another.
09Images & specimens
The opening photograph is Figure 01. Its caption records the source identification and attribution; it is not a type specimen unless explicitly stated.
Photographs are not presented as sufficient for mushroom identification.
10References
- Klára Gotvaldová; Jan Borovička; Kateřina Hájková; Petra Cihlářová; Alan Rockefeller; Martin Kuchař (2022). Extensive Collection of Psychotropic Mushrooms with Determination of Their Tryptamine Alkaloids. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23(22), 14068. DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214068 Source record ↗
Source class: primary.
Source verification history
- metadata: verified · 2026-09-08 · Codex (agent) (agent). Verification source
Authors, title, year, volume, issue and article number match the article XML.
- doi: verified · 2026-09-08 · Codex (agent) (agent). Verification source
DOI in PubMed matches article-id in the primary article XML; this is an identity cross-check, not just syntax validation.
- content: verified · 2026-09-08 · Codex (agent) (agent). Verification source
Read Table 1 and its footnote, and sections 3.1, 3.3 and 3.4 in the full-text XML. Supplementary Table S1 has not yet been extracted.
- content: verified · 2026-09-10 · Codex (agent) (agent). Verification source
Rechecked Table 1, sections 3.2–3.4, and Supplementary Table S1 (13 collections in this batch). Corrected pilot locator: collection/storage is section 3.2, not 3.1. Original aggregate ranges verified against XML.
- metadata: verified · 2026-09-08 · Codex (agent) (agent). Verification source
- T. Niskanen; B. Dentinger; A.M. Ainsworth; I. Kytövuori; J.T. Kim; G.W. Griffith; K. Liimatainen (2026). Re-shaping the family-level classification of Agaricineae (Agaricales, Basidiomycota) using a phylogenomic approach. Studies in Mycology 113(1), 115–134. DOI: 10.3114/sim.2026.113.03 Source record ↗
Source class: primary.
Source verification history
- metadata: verified · 2026-09-10 · Codex (agent) (agent). Verification source
Bibliographic identity inspected; publication year is distinct from retrieval date.
- content: verified · 2026-09-10 · Codex (agent) (agent). Verification source
Family treatment Agrocybaceae, Table 1 and classification discussion inspected in the PDF. Effective online date in paper: 1 April 2026; Crossref issue date differs, so the record retains year only.
- doi: verified · 2026-09-10 · Codex (agent) (agent). Verification source
DOI and title matched against the cited bibliographic record; not just resolver availability.
- metadata: verified · 2026-09-10 · Codex (agent) (agent). Verification source
- Virginia Ramírez-Cruz; Gastón Guzmán; Alma Rosa Villalobos-Arámbula; Aarón Rodríguez; P. Brandon Matheny; Marisol Sánchez-García; Laura Guzmán-Dávalos (2013). Phylogenetic inference and trait evolution of the psychedelic mushroom genus Psilocybe sensu lato (Agaricales). Botany 91(9), 573-591. DOI: 10.1139/cjb-2013-0070 Source record ↗
Source class: primary.
Source verification history
- metadata: verified · 2026-09-11 · Codex (agent) (agent). Verification source
Authors, Botany 91(9):573–591, year 2013 and DOI match the primary PDF and Crossref.
- content: verified · 2026-09-11 · Codex (agent) (agent). Verification source
Read Table 2 entries Ps-329, Ps-308 and Ps-317, Fig. 1 and the mexicanae/zapotecorum clade discussion. Marker accessions are reported from the paper; no sequence reanalysis.
- doi: verified · 2026-09-11 · Codex (agent) (agent). Verification source
DOI, authors, journal and pagination cross-checked against the paper and Crossref.
- metadata: verified · 2026-09-11 · Codex (agent) (agent). Verification source
- NCBI Taxonomy (2026). Psilocybe caerulescens — taxonomy record 891393, accessed 11 September 2026. . Source record ↗
Source class: taxonomic database.
Source verification history
- metadata: verified · 2026-09-11 · Codex (agent) (agent). Verification source
Database identity and taxon identifier checked on the record page.
- content: verified · 2026-09-11 · Codex (agent) (agent). Verification source
Current name, author and year checked; this is a database assertion, not a substitute for primary taxonomy. Family placement is not adopted from this record.
- metadata: verified · 2026-09-11 · Codex (agent) (agent). Verification source
Claim provenance
Source checks record what was inspected. Publication approval and section review are separate editorial decisions.
Psilocybe caerulescens is retained as a species using the checked current-name assertion and its inclusion in the primary multigene study. This is a scoped editorial acceptance decision.
Fields: taxonomy.canonical_name, taxonomy.accepted_name, taxonomy.genus, taxonomy.specific_epithet, taxonomy.authority, taxonomy.publication_year, taxonomy.status
- ncbi-891393-2026 — Current name and rank
Source checked · Accessed 2026-09-11 · Codex (agent). Checked against the cited passage; scope is limited to the statement and listed fields.
- ramirez-cruz-2013-phylogeny — Table 2 and Psilocybe phylogenetic results
Source checked · Accessed 2026-09-11 · Codex (agent). Checked against the cited passage; scope is limited to the statement and listed fields.
The account follows the 2026 Agrocybaceae circumscription for Psilocybe.
Fields: taxonomy.family
- niskanen-2026 — Agrocybaceae treatment and Table 1
Source checked · Accessed 2026-09-11 · Codex (agent). Checked against the cited passage; scope is limited to the statement and listed fields.
The extracted 2022 study contains two fruiting bodies from one Mexican collection. Limited-quantitative describes the coverage of this account.
Fields: chemistry.assays.0, chemistry.evidence_status
- gotvaldova-2022 — Table 1, Psilocybe caerulescens row; sections 3.2–3.4; Supplementary Table S1, PS-50; section 2.2, Mexican species discussion
Source checked · Accessed 2026-09-11 · Codex (agent). Checked against the cited passage; scope is limited to the statement and listed fields.
One 2022 assay is extracted here, with its collection context and dry-mass measurements. Its small sample cannot establish a typical concentration for the species.
Fields: chemistry.summary.text
- gotvaldova-2022 — Table 1 and Supplementary Table S1
Source checked · Accessed 2026-09-11 · Codex (agent). Checked against the cited passage; scope is limited to the statement and listed fields.
Gotvaldová and colleagues used UHPLC–MS/MS to measure five tryptamine alkaloids. The method and preparation context accompany the assay record.
Fields: chemistry.modern_assay.text
- gotvaldova-2022 — Sections 3.2–3.4
Source checked · Accessed 2026-09-11 · Codex (agent). Checked against the cited passage; scope is limited to the statement and listed fields.
The 2022 study documents Mexican collection PS-50, collected 11.08.2016 and analysed in April 2018. This is collection provenance, not a complete range or an occurrence dataset.
Fields: distribution.narrative.text
- gotvaldova-2022 — Supplementary Table S1, PS-50
Source checked · Accessed 2026-09-11 · Codex (agent). Checked against the cited passage; scope is limited to the statement and listed fields.
P. caerulescens is retained here as a species represented in a primary multigene study and a small Mexican chemical-assay collection. The account is preliminary: modern descriptive synthesis, original-name publication and comprehensive synonymy still need work.
Fields: overview.text
- ramirez-cruz-2013-phylogeny — Table 2, Ps-329
Source checked · Accessed 2026-09-11 · Codex (agent). Checked against the cited passage; scope is limited to the statement and listed fields.
- gotvaldova-2022 — Table 1
Source checked · Accessed 2026-09-11 · Codex (agent). Checked against the cited passage; scope is limited to the statement and listed fields.
The 2013 study illustrates P. caerulescens basidiospore wall structure in Figure 3a. Its placement in the mexicanae subclade contrasts with the morphology-based Cordisporae classification listed for it in Table 2. A complete species-level microscopic description remains pending.
Fields: description.microscopic.text
- ramirez-cruz-2013-phylogeny — Figure 3a; Table 2; discussion of section Cordisporae
Source checked · Accessed 2026-09-11 · Codex (agent). Checked against the cited passage; scope is limited to the statement and listed fields.
The 2013 phylogenetic study discusses P. caerulescens and P. mexicana in tropical and subtropical meadows and forests of the Americas. This is a broad literature statement; precise substrate associations and local habitat records need further synthesis.
Fields: ecology.narrative.text
- ramirez-cruz-2013-phylogeny — Mexicanae subclade discussion
Source checked · Accessed 2026-09-11 · Codex (agent). Checked against the cited passage; scope is limited to the statement and listed fields.
Mexican specimen Ps-329, I.J. Franco-Galván 1 (IBUG), is represented by ITS KC669281, LSU KC669317 and rpb1 KC669342 in the 2013 study. The analysis places P. caerulescens with P. mexicana and P. samuiensis. These are published results, not a new analysis of the sequences.
Fields: molecular.text
- ramirez-cruz-2013-phylogeny — Table 2, Ps-329; mexicanae subclade discussion
Source checked · Accessed 2026-09-11 · Codex (agent). Checked against the cited passage; scope is limited to the statement and listed fields.
NCBI records the name as P. caerulescens Murrill, 1923 and lists isotype MICH 12125. The 2022 assay supplement cites Mycologia 15(1):20 as its original publication. The original 1923 paper has not been inspected for this account.
Fields: history.text
- ncbi-891393-2026 — Current name and isotype
Source checked · Accessed 2026-09-11 · Codex (agent). Checked against the cited passage; scope is limited to the statement and listed fields.
- gotvaldova-2022 — Supplementary Table S2, P. caerulescens
Source checked · Accessed 2026-09-11 · Codex (agent). Checked against the cited passage; scope is limited to the statement and listed fields.