01Overview
This account links a named American sequence collection with a small published chemical dataset. The assay source contains a conflicting baeocystin range, retained as an open evidence issue. [ramirez-cruz-2013-phylogeny] [gotvaldova-2022]
This is a scientific reference record, not field-identification guidance.
02Nomenclature
- Accepted name
- Psilocybe caerulipes
- Authority
- (Peck) Sacc.
- Family
- Agrocybaceae
- Publication year
- 1887
- Basionym
- Agaricus caerulipes Peck
- Taxonomic status
- accepted
- MycoBank identifier
- Not yet researched — verification required
- Index Fungorum identifier
- Not yet researched — verification required
Synonyms (0 recorded names)
No verified synonyms entered. This does not indicate that synonyms do not exist.
Nomenclatural sources: [species-fungorum-197955-2026] [niskanen-2026] [ramirez-cruz-2013-phylogeny]
Research completeness
- taxonomy
- Human reviewed — J Dale, 2026-09-29
Current name and primary treatment checked. Original protologues and exhaustive synonymy remain pending. Any historical name conflict is explicitly resolved within the account’s scope.
- overview
- preliminary
Selected source passages checked; comprehensive synthesis remains pending.
- description
- not researched
Research remains incomplete; no absence or conservation category inferred.
- ecology
- preliminary
Selected source passages checked; comprehensive synthesis remains pending.
- distribution
- preliminary
Selected source passages checked; comprehensive synthesis remains pending.
- chemistry
- disputed
Table 1, methods and supplement checked. Source disagreements are preserved in evidence conflicts; no species mean, extrapolation or inferred zero is supplied.
- molecular
- preliminary
Selected source passages checked; comprehensive synthesis remains pending.
- history
- preliminary
Selected source passages checked; comprehensive synthesis remains pending.
- conservation
- not researched
Research remains incomplete; no absence or conservation category inferred.
03Taxonomic description
Taxonomic description. These characters are presented for scientific reference and are not intended as field-identification guidance.
Macroscopic characters
This section has not yet been researched for this account.
Microscopic characters
This section has not yet been researched for this account.
04Distribution and ecology
The assay supplement lists PS-55 from Detroit and PS-57 from Kentucky, USA. These are study localities, not a mapped range. [gotvaldova-2022]
- Known range
- Not yet researched
- Countries with documented material
- Not yet researched
- Habitats
- Not yet researched
- Substrates
- Not yet researched
- Ecological associations
- Not yet researched
- Seasonality
- Not yet researched
Ecological context
The 2024 phylogenomic study assigns its caerulipes cluster to wood-decay ecology. This is the study’s ecological coding, not a complete habitat synthesis. [bradshaw-2024]
Occurrence records
Recorded observations are not equivalent to true biological range. Absence of records does not demonstrate absence of a species.
Occurrence provenance & map methods
- Licence / retrieval date
- CC BY-NC 4.0 / 2026-09-15
- Coordinate uncertainty
- Reported for 880 of 987 plotted records. Median 28 km; 53 records at 30 m or finer; coarsest 3682 km. Points are plotted at source precision, so precision varies by orders of magnitude within this map.
- Sensitive records
- unreviewed
- Countries with georeferenced records
- US (919) · CA (54) · MX (12) · BT (1) · FI (1)
Points are plotted at source precision on an equirectangular projection. Two records falling on the same rendered pixel appear as one mark; the downloadable dataset is not reduced. Records published under names this reference has not reconciled, including synonyms, infraspecific taxa and sequence clusters, are excluded rather than reassigned.
05Chemistry
Measurements belong to studies, specimens and methods. A single concentration cannot stand in for a species.
| Study / year | Material | Method | Record |
|---|---|---|---|
| Extensive Collection of Psychotropic Mushrooms with Determination of Their Tryptamine Alkaloids / 2022 | Dried fruiting bodies | UHPLC–MS/MS (triple quadrupole; positive electrospray; dynamic multiple reaction monitoring) | Details ↓ |
gotvaldova-2022-caerulipes-table-1 — specimen, methods & measurements
- Source location
- Table 1, Psilocybe caerulipes row; sections 2.2 and 3.2–3.4; Supplementary Table S1
- Verification
- Source checked; see evidence trail
- Measurement basis
- dry mass
- Specimen
- Whole fruiting bodies (cap and stipe) identified as Psilocybe caerulipes in the source.
- Material
- Dried fruiting bodies
- Sample size
- 4
- Sample counting basis
- 4 fruiting bodies (fb), from 2 collections (n), as printed in Table 1.
- Provenance
- Collection-level origins retained below.
- Analytical method
- UHPLC–MS/MS (triple quadrupole; positive electrospray; dynamic multiple reaction monitoring)
- Preparation
- Dried, homogenized fruiting bodies; acidified methanol extraction and re-extraction (section 3.3).
- Storage
- Dried material kept in darkness at 20 °C (section 3.2). Collection and analysis dates are retained below; exact storage durations are not inferred.
- psilocybin
- 2.234–5.674 mg/g (range) — Aggregate range, dry mass, as printed in Table 1. A printed 0.000 endpoint is not proof of absolute absence.
- psilocin
- 0.501–2.77 mg/g (range) — Aggregate range, dry mass, as printed in Table 1. A printed 0.000 endpoint is not proof of absolute absence.
- baeocystin
- not extracted — Numerical extraction withheld: Table 1 gives 0.063–0.141 while section 2.2 prints 0.63–0.141 mg/g. No silent correction adopted.
- norbaeocystin
- 0.019–0.052 mg/g (range) — Aggregate range, dry mass, as printed in Table 1. A printed 0.000 endpoint is not proof of absolute absence.
- aeruginascin
- 0.018–0.028 mg/g (range) — Aggregate range, dry mass, as printed in Table 1. A printed 0.000 endpoint is not proof of absolute absence.
Collections in the source
Dates retain the precision reported by the study. These collections underlie the aggregate ranges; individual concentrations have not been inferred.
PS-55 · Detroit, USA
- Collected
- 08.09.2017
- Analysed
- April 2018
- Voucher
- Not reported
- GenBank accession
- Not provided in the source table
GenBank column is n.a.; absent voucher remains null.
PS-57 · Kentucky, USA
- Collected
- 12.09.2017
- Analysed
- April 2018
- Voucher
- PRM 946475
- GenBank accession
- Not provided in the source table
GenBank column is n.a.; absent voucher remains null.
Aggregate dry-mass results from one study, not expected species concentrations. No individual measurements are inferred from ranges.
Read source recordModern quantitative assays
The extracted study used UHPLC–MS/MS on dried material. Preparation, storage and measurement basis accompany the row. [gotvaldova-2022]
Evidence assessment
The table reports four fruiting bodies from two collections. Baeocystin extraction is withheld because the table and prose disagree. Other ranges retain the study’s dry-mass basis. [gotvaldova-2022]
Assessments depend on material, preparation, storage, sampling and analytical methods. Measurements are literature records, not predictions of effects.
How chemistry records are structured ↗06Molecular evidence
The 2013 study lists UT 1609, voucher TENN-064502, collection SAT09–216-06, with ITS KC669282 and rpb1 KC669343; no LSU is listed. These published data have not been independently reanalysed. [ramirez-cruz-2013-phylogeny]
07History
The checked name record dates Peck’s Agaricus caerulipes to 1885 and Saccardo’s Psilocybe combination to 1887. The original publications have not been inspected here. [species-fungorum-197955-2026]
A place for the historical record
This account records the nomenclatural history checked so far. Broader historical research remains pending; interpretations must stay connected to their documentary sources.
08Conservation
Conservation assessments have not yet been researched for this account.
- Assessment status
- Not yet researched
- Assessment authority / year
- Not verified / Not verified
Not researched by Psilocybia, not assessed by a conservation authority, and Least Concern are different states. None should be inferred from another.
09Images & specimens
Space is reserved for field photographs, herbarium specimens, microscopy and historical plates, with source and licence metadata.
Photographs are not presented as sufficient for mushroom identification.
10References
- Alexander J. Bradshaw; Virginia Ramírez-Cruz; Ali R. Awan; Giuliana Furci; Laura Guzmán-Dávalos; Bryn T. M. Dentinger (2024). Phylogenomics of the psychoactive mushroom genus Psilocybe and evolution of the psilocybin biosynthetic gene cluster. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 121(3), e2311245121. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2311245121 Source record ↗
Source class: primary.
Source verification history
- metadata: verified · 2026-09-10 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source
Bibliographic identity inspected; publication year is distinct from retrieval date.
- content: verified · 2026-09-10 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source
Full-text gene-cluster results and phylogenomic methods inspected; not a new sequence analysis by Psilocybia.
- doi: verified · 2026-09-10 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source
DOI and title matched against the cited bibliographic record; not just resolver availability.
- metadata: verified · 2026-09-10 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source
- GBIF Secretariat (2026). Psilocybe caerulipes — GBIF Backbone Taxonomy record 5242471; accessed 29 September 2026. . Source record ↗
Source class: taxonomic database.
Source verification history
- metadata: verified · 2026-09-29 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source
Backbone name record retrieved and confirmed by two independent routes: the strict name-match endpoint returned usageKey 5242471 as an EXACT, ACCEPTED species match, and the record endpoint was then fetched directly and agreed on name, rank and acceptance. The record places Psilocybe in Hymenogastraceae; that placement is not adopted here.
- content: verified · 2026-09-29 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source
Backbone name record retrieved and confirmed by two independent routes: the strict name-match endpoint returned usageKey 5242471 as an EXACT, ACCEPTED species match, and the record endpoint was then fetched directly and agreed on name, rank and acceptance. The record places Psilocybe in Hymenogastraceae; that placement is not adopted here.
- metadata: verified · 2026-09-29 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source
- GBIF.org (2026). GBIF Occurrence Download: georeferenced records for Psilocybe taxa (download 0000371-260915150036944). . DOI: 10.15468/dl.dhgzxa Source record ↗
Source class: primary.
Source verification history
- metadata: verified · 2026-09-29 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source
Download record retrieved from the GBIF API. Key 0000371-260915150036944, DOI 10.15468/dl.dhgzxa, status SUCCEEDED, created 2026-09-15, 31,439 records drawn from 294 datasets, SIMPLE_CSV format, licence http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/legalcode. The DOI and the record count were confirmed against the archive held locally rather than assumed from the filename.
- doi: verified · 2026-09-29 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source
DOI read from the download record returned by the GBIF API and matched to the download key of the archive used to generate the occurrence maps.
- content: verified · 2026-09-29 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source
The archive was read row by row to generate the published maps and the per-country counts. 31,208 rows carry usable coordinates and a taxonKey this reference maps to one of its own records; 231 rows fall under synonyms, infraspecific taxa or sequence clusters and are excluded rather than reassigned. Coordinate uncertainty is reported for about 90 per cent of rows, with a median near 7 km and a coarsest value above 5,000 km, so individual points vary enormously in precision. 25 per cent of the country entries derived from this download rest on a single record, and the majority of records are human observations rather than preserved specimens; counts are therefore published alongside every country.
- metadata: verified · 2026-09-29 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source
- Klára Gotvaldová; Jan Borovička; Kateřina Hájková; Petra Cihlářová; Alan Rockefeller; Martin Kuchař (2022). Extensive Collection of Psychotropic Mushrooms with Determination of Their Tryptamine Alkaloids. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23(22), 14068. DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214068 Source record ↗
Source class: primary.
Source verification history
- metadata: verified · 2026-09-08 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source
Authors, title, year, volume, issue and article number match the article XML.
- doi: verified · 2026-09-08 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source
DOI in PubMed matches article-id in the primary article XML; this is an identity cross-check, not just syntax validation.
- content: verified · 2026-09-08 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source
Read Table 1 and its footnote, and sections 3.1, 3.3 and 3.4 in the full-text XML. Supplementary Table S1 has not yet been extracted.
- content: verified · 2026-09-10 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source
Rechecked Table 1, sections 3.2–3.4, and Supplementary Table S1 (13 collections in this batch). Corrected pilot locator: collection/storage is section 3.2, not 3.1. Original aggregate ranges verified against XML.
- metadata: verified · 2026-09-08 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source
- iNaturalist (2026). Psilocybe caerulipes — iNaturalist taxon 206899; accessed 29 September 2026. . Source record ↗
Source class: taxonomic database.
Source verification history
- metadata: verified · 2026-09-29 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source
Taxon record retrieved and confirmed by two independent routes: a name query returned exactly one active species taxon named Psilocybe caerulipes with id 206899, and the record endpoint was then fetched directly and agreed on name, rank and active status. This is an identifier for a community observation platform, not a taxonomic authority.
- content: verified · 2026-09-29 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source
Taxon record retrieved and confirmed by two independent routes: a name query returned exactly one active species taxon named Psilocybe caerulipes with id 206899, and the record endpoint was then fetched directly and agreed on name, rank and active status. This is an identifier for a community observation platform, not a taxonomic authority.
- metadata: verified · 2026-09-29 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source
- T. Niskanen; B. Dentinger; A.M. Ainsworth; I. Kytövuori; J.T. Kim; G.W. Griffith; K. Liimatainen (2026). Re-shaping the family-level classification of Agaricineae (Agaricales, Basidiomycota) using a phylogenomic approach. Studies in Mycology 113(1), 115–134. DOI: 10.3114/sim.2026.113.03 Source record ↗
Source class: primary.
Source verification history
- metadata: verified · 2026-09-10 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source
Bibliographic identity inspected; publication year is distinct from retrieval date.
- content: verified · 2026-09-10 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source
Family treatment Agrocybaceae, Table 1 and classification discussion inspected in the PDF. Effective online date in paper: 1 April 2026; Crossref issue date differs, so the record retains year only.
- doi: verified · 2026-09-10 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source
DOI and title matched against the cited bibliographic record; not just resolver availability.
- metadata: verified · 2026-09-10 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source
- Virginia Ramírez-Cruz; Gastón Guzmán; Alma Rosa Villalobos-Arámbula; Aarón Rodríguez; P. Brandon Matheny; Marisol Sánchez-García; Laura Guzmán-Dávalos (2013). Phylogenetic inference and trait evolution of the psychedelic mushroom genus Psilocybe sensu lato (Agaricales). Botany 91(9), 573-591. DOI: 10.1139/cjb-2013-0070 Source record ↗
Source class: primary.
Source verification history
- metadata: verified · 2026-09-11 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source
Authors, Botany 91(9):573–591, year 2013 and DOI match the primary PDF and Crossref.
- content: verified · 2026-09-11 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source
Read Table 2 entries Ps-329, Ps-308 and Ps-317, Fig. 1 and the mexicanae/zapotecorum clade discussion. Marker accessions are reported from the paper; no sequence reanalysis.
- doi: verified · 2026-09-11 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source
DOI, authors, journal and pagination cross-checked against the paper and Crossref.
- metadata: verified · 2026-09-11 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source
- Species Fungorum (2026). Species Fungorum: Psilocybe caerulipes, record 197955 — accessed 12 September 2026. . Source record ↗
Source class: taxonomic database.
Source verification history
- metadata: verified · 2026-09-12 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source
Database record identity and nomenclatural citation checked; retrieval year is not the scientific publication year.
- content: verified · 2026-09-12 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source
Current name, authority and name citation inspected, including basionym where present. This is a name-record check, not inspection of the original protologue.
- metadata: verified · 2026-09-12 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source
Claim provenance
Source checks record what was inspected. Publication approval and section review are separate editorial decisions.
Core name metadata follows the inspected nomenclatural record.
Fields: taxonomy.canonical_name, taxonomy.accepted_name, taxonomy.genus, taxonomy.specific_epithet, taxonomy.authority, taxonomy.publication_year, taxonomy.basionym
- species-fungorum-197955-2026 — Name heading, current name, basionym and registration identifier where present
Source checked · Accessed 2026-09-12 · Psilocybia editorial. Scoped passage checked by the Psilocybia editorial process.
Follow the 2026 family treatment, which includes Psilocybe in Agrocybaceae.
Fields: taxonomy.family
- niskanen-2026 — Agrocybaceae treatment; Table 1
Source checked · Accessed 2026-09-12 · Psilocybia editorial. Scoped passage checked by the Psilocybia editorial process.
Retain this species under the checked current name and the cited primary treatment.
Fields: taxonomy.status
- species-fungorum-197955-2026 — Current name
Source checked · Accessed 2026-09-12 · Psilocybia editorial. Scoped passage checked by the Psilocybia editorial process.
- ramirez-cruz-2013-phylogeny — Table 2, UT 1609
Source checked · Accessed 2026-09-12 · Psilocybia editorial. Scoped passage checked by the Psilocybia editorial process.
This account links a named American sequence collection with a small published chemical dataset. The assay source contains a conflicting baeocystin range, retained as an open evidence issue.
Fields: overview.text
- ramirez-cruz-2013-phylogeny — Table 2, UT 1609
Source checked · Accessed 2026-09-12 · Psilocybia editorial. Scoped passage checked by the Psilocybia editorial process.
- gotvaldova-2022 — Table 1 and section 2.2, caerulipes
Source checked · Accessed 2026-09-12 · Psilocybia editorial. Scoped passage checked by the Psilocybia editorial process.
The 2024 phylogenomic study assigns its caerulipes cluster to wood-decay ecology. This is the study’s ecological coding, not a complete habitat synthesis.
Fields: ecology.narrative.text
- bradshaw-2024 — Results and Discussion, ecological niche reconstruction; Fig. 3
Source checked · Accessed 2026-09-12 · Psilocybia editorial. Scoped passage checked by the Psilocybia editorial process.
The assay supplement lists PS-55 from Detroit and PS-57 from Kentucky, USA. These are study localities, not a mapped range.
Fields: distribution.narrative.text
- gotvaldova-2022 — Supplementary Table S1, PS-55 and PS-57
Source checked · Accessed 2026-09-12 · Psilocybia editorial. Scoped passage checked by the Psilocybia editorial process.
The 2013 study lists UT 1609, voucher TENN-064502, collection SAT09–216-06, with ITS KC669282 and rpb1 KC669343; no LSU is listed. These published data have not been independently reanalysed.
Fields: molecular.text
- ramirez-cruz-2013-phylogeny — Table 2, UT 1609
Source checked · Accessed 2026-09-12 · Psilocybia editorial. Scoped passage checked by the Psilocybia editorial process.
The checked name record dates Peck’s Agaricus caerulipes to 1885 and Saccardo’s Psilocybe combination to 1887. The original publications have not been inspected here.
Fields: history.text
- species-fungorum-197955-2026 — Name citation and synonymy
Source checked · Accessed 2026-09-12 · Psilocybia editorial. Scoped passage checked by the Psilocybia editorial process.
Scoped extraction of the published analytical table, with stated omissions and source disagreements.
Fields: chemistry.assays.0, chemistry.evidence_status
- gotvaldova-2022 — Table 1, Psilocybe caerulipes row; sections 2.2 and 3.2–3.4; Supplementary Table S1
Source checked · Accessed 2026-09-12 · Psilocybia editorial. Scoped passage checked by the Psilocybia editorial process.
The extracted study used UHPLC–MS/MS on dried material. Preparation, storage and measurement basis accompany the row.
Fields: chemistry.modern_assay.text
- gotvaldova-2022 — Sections 3.2–3.4
Source checked · Accessed 2026-09-12 · Psilocybia editorial. Scoped passage checked by the Psilocybia editorial process.
The table reports four fruiting bodies from two collections. Baeocystin extraction is withheld because the table and prose disagree. Other ranges retain the study’s dry-mass basis.
Fields: chemistry.summary.text
- gotvaldova-2022 — Table 1, section 2.2 and Supplementary Table S1
Source checked · Accessed 2026-09-12 · Psilocybia editorial. Scoped passage checked by the Psilocybia editorial process.
Table 1 prints 0.063–0.141 mg/g.
Fields: chemistry.assays.0.compounds.baeocystin
- gotvaldova-2022 — Table 1, caerulipes, BA
Source checked · Accessed 2026-09-12 · Psilocybia editorial. Scoped passage checked by the Psilocybia editorial process.
Section 2.2 prints 0.63–0.141 mg/g.
Fields: chemistry.assays.0.compounds.baeocystin
- gotvaldova-2022 — Section 2.2, caerulipes paragraph
Source checked · Accessed 2026-09-12 · Psilocybia editorial. Scoped passage checked by the Psilocybia editorial process.
987 georeferenced records for this name in the cited GBIF download, plotted as 474 distinct positions and spanning 5 country codes, of which 2 rest on a single record. These are record locations, not a compiled range: no range has been researched for this account.
Fields: distribution.occurrence
- gbif-download-dhgzxa-2026 — Download 0000371-260915150036944; rows matched on taxonKey
Source checked · Accessed 2026-09-15 · Psilocybia editorial. Archive read row by row to generate the published map and the per-country counts. Rows under synonyms, infraspecific taxa and sequence clusters are excluded rather than reassigned.
Database identifiers for this species, recorded so a reader can retrieve the same records. The GBIF backbone still places Psilocybe in Hymenogastraceae, whereas this site follows the 2026 family revision and treats the genus in Agrocybaceae; citing the identifier is not an endorsement of that placement.
Fields: distribution.gbif_taxon_id, distribution.inaturalist_taxon_id
- gbif-5242471-2026 — Backbone taxon record 5242471
Source checked · Accessed 2026-09-29 · Psilocybia editorial. Identifier confirmed against the backbone record by two endpoints.
- inaturalist-206899-2026 — Taxon record 206899
Source checked · Accessed 2026-09-29 · Psilocybia editorial. Identifier confirmed against the taxon record by two endpoints.
Conflicting evidence
The printed lower endpoints disagree; the prose range is reversed. No author correction has been checked; numeric extraction is withheld.