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Psilocybia / The Index / Species record

The Psilocybe Index / Species account

Psilocybe cyanescens

Wakef.

Taxonomy: acceptedChemistry: Limited quantitative evidenceMolecular data: Agent source-checked

Researched and source-checked by Codex. No human scientific review. This first account covers selected sources; section notes identify remaining research. Assay ranges describe studied specimens, not an expected species concentration. One licensed photograph added after image-source review on 14 September 2026; identification follows the credited source and is not an independent specimen determination.

01Overview

Agent source-checked

This account links the name to its published epitype and molecular markers, and records one quantitative chemistry study. The family treatment follows Agrocybaceae. [index-fungorum-290108-2026] [borovicka-2012] [niskanen-2026] [gotvaldova-2022]

This is a scientific reference record, not field-identification guidance.

Figure 01Field photograph
Brown-capped fruit bodies among moss and grasses, with several arranged to show their gills.

Psilocybe cyanescens

2012-12-05

Source identification: Psilocybe cyanescens. Mushroom Observer photograph 290259.

Photograph: Alan Rockefeller · Source · CC BY-SA 3.0

Resized and re-encoded; full composition retained.

02Nomenclature

Accepted name
Psilocybe cyanescens
Authority
Wakef.
Family
Agrocybaceae
Publication year
1946
Basionym
Not yet researched — verification required
Taxonomic status
accepted
MycoBank identifier
Not yet researched — verification required
Index Fungorum identifier
290108
Synonyms (0 recorded names)

No verified synonyms entered. This does not indicate that synonyms do not exist.

Nomenclatural sources: [index-fungorum-290108-2026] [niskanen-2026]

Research completeness

taxonomy
Agent source-checked — Codex (agent), 2026-09-10

Core nomenclature and the selected family treatment are source-checked. MycoBank could not be accessed; original name publications and exhaustive synonymy remain pending. This is a scoped account, not a completed taxonomic revision.

overview
preliminary

Source-checked introduction to the scoped account.

description
preliminary

Selected published characters checked; comprehensive modern redescription remains pending.

ecology
preliminary

Only the cited source context has been checked; substrate and seasonal synthesis remain pending.

distribution
preliminary

Source-backed localities or taxonomic context only; no occurrence dataset or exhaustive range assessment.

chemistry
preliminary

One study, five compounds and its collection metadata source-checked. Additional studies, supplementary per-sample values and a full literature synthesis remain pending.

molecular
preliminary

Published molecular findings checked; no independent sequence analysis.

history
preliminary

Limited nomenclatural or typification history. Original publications and broader historical research remain pending.

conservation
not researched

Not researched in this account. No absence claim is made.

03Taxonomic description

Taxonomic description. These characters are presented for scientific reference and are not intended as field-identification guidance.

Macroscopic characters

Agent source-checked

Borovička and colleagues discuss a wavy cap at maturity in P. cyanescens when comparing it with P. allenii. A full morphological redescription remains pending. [borovicka-2012]

Microscopic characters

Agent source-checked

Guzmán and Bas report subfusiform to sublageniform cheilocystidia with necks no longer than 6 µm. Their illustrated P. cyanescens material is Tjallingii, 4 November 1975 (L). [guzman-bas-1977]

04Distribution and ecology

Agent source-checked

The typification paper documents material from England and Germany; the assay supplement lists four Czech collections. These are source-backed localities, not a comprehensive distribution. [borovicka-2012] [gotvaldova-2022]

Known range
Not yet researched
Habitats
Not yet researched
Substrates
Not yet researched
Ecological associations
Not yet researched
Seasonality
Not yet researched

Ecological context

Agent source-checked

The designated epitype was collected on mulch in Hamburg’s Klein Flottbeck Botanical Garden. This is a documented substrate for that collection. [borovicka-2012]

Occurrence records

Occurrence map — awaiting verified records

No occurrence points loaded.

Recorded observations are not equivalent to true biological range. Absence of records does not demonstrate absence of a species.

Occurrence provenance & future map methods
Source
Not yet supplied
Licence / retrieval date
Awaiting licence / Not retrieved
Coordinate uncertainty
Not reviewed
Sensitive records
unreviewed

Future ingestion will review licensing, coordinate uncertainty and sensitive locations. Sampling, clustering and date filters will operate on separately loaded datasets; no coordinates are embedded in this page.

05Chemistry

Measurements belong to studies, specimens and methods. A single concentration cannot stand in for a species.

Published assays · Measurements retain their original methodological context.
Study / yearMaterialMethodRecord
Extensive Collection of Psychotropic Mushrooms with Determination of Their Tryptamine Alkaloids / 2022Dried fruiting bodiesUHPLC–MS/MS (triple quadrupole; positive electrospray; dynamic multiple reaction monitoring)Details ↓
gotvaldova-2022-cyanescens-table-1 — specimen, methods & measurements
Source location
Table 1, Psilocybe cyanescens row; sections 3.2–3.4; Supplementary Table S1
Verification
Source checked; see evidence trail
Measurement basis
dry mass
Specimen
Whole fruiting bodies; collection IDs and available vouchers are listed below.
Material
Dried fruiting bodies
Sample size
13
Sample counting basis
13 fruiting bodies (fb), from 4 collections (n); Table 1 definitions.
Provenance
Czech Republic; collection-level context in Table S1.
Analytical method
UHPLC–MS/MS (triple quadrupole; positive electrospray; dynamic multiple reaction monitoring)
Preparation
Dried, homogenized fruiting bodies; acidified methanol extraction and re-extraction (section 3.3).
Storage
Dried material kept in darkness at 20 °C (section 3.2). Collection and analysis dates are retained below; exact storage durations are not inferred.
psilocybin
2.34–13.808 mg/g (range) — Reported aggregate range, dry mass.
psilocin
0.409–10.018 mg/g (range) — Reported aggregate range, dry mass.
baeocystin
0.216–2.852 mg/g (range) — Reported aggregate range, dry mass.
norbaeocystin
0.102–0.978 mg/g (range) — Reported aggregate range, dry mass.
aeruginascin
0.011–0.039 mg/g (range) — Reported aggregate range, dry mass.

Collections in the source

Dates retain the precision reported by the study. These collections underlie the aggregate ranges; individual concentrations have not been inferred.

PS-10 · Czech Republic
Collected
08.11.2015
Analysed
May 2016
Voucher
(PRM 923257)
GenBank accession
Not provided in the source table

GenBank column is n.a. in Table S1. Voucher parentheses retained exactly as printed.

L-08 · Czech Republic
Collected
31.10.2015
Analysed
May 2016
Voucher
PRM 952709
GenBank accession
Not provided in the source table

GenBank column is n.a. in Table S1.

H-01 · Czech Republic
Collected
21.10.2016
Analysed
Sep. 2017
Voucher
PRM 952704
GenBank accession
Not provided in the source table

GenBank column is n.a. in Table S1.

H-02 · Czech Republic
Collected
26.10.2016
Analysed
Sep. 2017
Voucher
PRM 952704
GenBank accession
Not provided in the source table

GenBank column is n.a. in Table S1.

Aggregate dry-mass ranges from one study. Supplementary collection metadata is transcribed; individual concentrations from the supplementary heatmap are not extracted. No species mean or unit conversion is supplied.

Read source record

Modern quantitative assays

Agent source-checked

Gotvaldová et al. (2022) used UHPLC–MS/MS to measure five tryptamine alkaloids in 13 fruiting bodies from 4 collections. [gotvaldova-2022]

Evidence assessment

Agent source-checked

One quantitative study is extracted here. The category describes this account’s coverage; a complete literature assessment is pending. [gotvaldova-2022]

Assessments depend on material, preparation, storage, sampling and analytical methods. Measurements are literature records, not predictions of effects.

How chemistry records are structured ↗

06Molecular evidence

Agent source-checked

The epitype PRM 901481 is linked to ITS rDNA, LSU and EF-1α data; the paper lists GenBank accessions GU565175, GU565167 and GU565158. Sequence files have not been reanalysed for this account. [borovicka-2012]

07History

Agent source-checked

Wakefield’s name was published in 1946. The 2012 treatment identifies holotype K(M) 63976, collected at Kew in 1911, and designates the Hamburg collection PRM 901481 as epitype. [index-fungorum-290108-2026] [borovicka-2012]

A place for the historical record

This account records the nomenclatural history checked so far. Broader historical research remains pending; interpretations must stay connected to their documentary sources.

Reading the scientific record ↗

08Conservation

Not yet researched

This section has not yet been researched for this account.

Assessment status
Not yet researched
Assessment authority / year
Not verified / Not verified

Not researched by Psilocybia, not assessed by a conservation authority, and Least Concern are different states. None should be inferred from another.

09Images & specimens

The opening photograph is Figure 01. Its caption records the source identification and attribution; it is not a type specimen unless explicitly stated.

Photographs are not presented as sufficient for mushroom identification.

10References

  1. Klára Gotvaldová; Jan Borovička; Kateřina Hájková; Petra Cihlářová; Alan Rockefeller; Martin Kuchař (2022). Extensive Collection of Psychotropic Mushrooms with Determination of Their Tryptamine Alkaloids. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23(22), 14068. DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214068 Source record ↗

    Source class: primary.

    Source verification history
    • metadata: verified · 2026-09-08 · Codex (agent) (agent). Verification source

      Authors, title, year, volume, issue and article number match the article XML.

    • doi: verified · 2026-09-08 · Codex (agent) (agent). Verification source

      DOI in PubMed matches article-id in the primary article XML; this is an identity cross-check, not just syntax validation.

    • content: verified · 2026-09-08 · Codex (agent) (agent). Verification source

      Read Table 1 and its footnote, and sections 3.1, 3.3 and 3.4 in the full-text XML. Supplementary Table S1 has not yet been extracted.

    • content: verified · 2026-09-10 · Codex (agent) (agent). Verification source

      Rechecked Table 1, sections 3.2–3.4, and Supplementary Table S1 (13 collections in this batch). Corrected pilot locator: collection/storage is section 3.2, not 3.1. Original aggregate ranges verified against XML.

  2. T. Niskanen; B. Dentinger; A.M. Ainsworth; I. Kytövuori; J.T. Kim; G.W. Griffith; K. Liimatainen (2026). Re-shaping the family-level classification of Agaricineae (Agaricales, Basidiomycota) using a phylogenomic approach. Studies in Mycology 113(1), 115–134. DOI: 10.3114/sim.2026.113.03 Source record ↗

    Source class: primary.

    Source verification history
    • metadata: verified · 2026-09-10 · Codex (agent) (agent). Verification source

      Bibliographic identity inspected; publication year is distinct from retrieval date.

    • content: verified · 2026-09-10 · Codex (agent) (agent). Verification source

      Family treatment Agrocybaceae, Table 1 and classification discussion inspected in the PDF. Effective online date in paper: 1 April 2026; Crossref issue date differs, so the record retains year only.

    • doi: verified · 2026-09-10 · Codex (agent) (agent). Verification source

      DOI and title matched against the cited bibliographic record; not just resolver availability.

  3. G. Guzmán; C. Bas (1977). A new bluing species of Psilocybe from Europe. Persoonia 9(2), 233–238. Source record ↗

    Source class: primary.

    Source verification history
    • metadata: verified · 2026-09-10 · Codex (agent) (agent). Verification source

      Bibliographic identity inspected; publication year is distinct from retrieval date.

    • content: verified · 2026-09-10 · Codex (agent) (agent). Verification source

      Comparative observations for P. semilanceata and P. cyanescens on pp. 235, 237–238; other species descriptions are not transposed.

  4. J. Borovička; A. Rockefeller; P.G. Werner (2012). Psilocybe allenii – a new bluing species from the Pacific Coast, USA. Czech Mycology 64(2), 181–195. DOI: 10.33585/cmy.64207 Source record ↗

    Source class: primary.

    Source verification history
    • metadata: verified · 2026-09-10 · Codex (agent) (agent). Verification source

      Bibliographic identity inspected; publication year is distinct from retrieval date.

    • content: verified · 2026-09-10 · Codex (agent) (agent). Verification source

      P. cyanescens comparisons and epitype treatment on p. 193. The description of P. allenii is not reused as a P. cyanescens description.

    • doi: verified · 2026-09-10 · Codex (agent) (agent). Verification source

      DOI and title matched against the cited bibliographic record; not just resolver availability.

  5. Index Fungorum (2026). Index Fungorum name record: Psilocybe cyanescens. . Source record ↗

    Source class: taxonomic database.

    Source verification history
    • metadata: verified · 2026-09-10 · Codex (agent) (agent). Verification source

      Bibliographic identity inspected; publication year is distinct from retrieval date.

    • content: verified · 2026-09-10 · Codex (agent) (agent). Verification source

      Named record and cited fields inspected directly.

Claim provenance

Source checks record what was inspected. Publication approval and section review are separate editorial decisions.

Nomenclature follows the checked Index Fungorum name record.

Fields: taxonomy.canonical_name, taxonomy.accepted_name, taxonomy.genus, taxonomy.specific_epithet, taxonomy.authority, taxonomy.publication_year, taxonomy.status, taxonomy.index_fungorum_id

This account follows the 2026 Agrocybaceae circumscription for Psilocybe.

Fields: taxonomy.family

One quantitative study is extracted here. The category describes this account’s coverage; a complete literature assessment is pending.

Fields: chemistry.summary.text

Gotvaldová et al. (2022) used UHPLC–MS/MS to measure five tryptamine alkaloids in 13 fruiting bodies from 4 collections.

Fields: chemistry.modern_assay.text

The assay preserves the published ranges and supplementary collection context.

Fields: chemistry.assays.0, chemistry.evidence_status

This account links the name to its published epitype and molecular markers, and records one quantitative chemistry study. The family treatment follows Agrocybaceae.

Fields: overview.text

Borovička and colleagues discuss a wavy cap at maturity in P. cyanescens when comparing it with P. allenii. A full morphological redescription remains pending.

Fields: description.macroscopic.text

Guzmán and Bas report subfusiform to sublageniform cheilocystidia with necks no longer than 6 µm. Their illustrated P. cyanescens material is Tjallingii, 4 November 1975 (L).

Fields: description.microscopic.text

The designated epitype was collected on mulch in Hamburg’s Klein Flottbeck Botanical Garden. This is a documented substrate for that collection.

Fields: ecology.narrative.text

The typification paper documents material from England and Germany; the assay supplement lists four Czech collections. These are source-backed localities, not a comprehensive distribution.

Fields: distribution.narrative.text

The epitype PRM 901481 is linked to ITS rDNA, LSU and EF-1α data; the paper lists GenBank accessions GU565175, GU565167 and GU565158. Sequence files have not been reanalysed for this account.

Fields: molecular.text

Wakefield’s name was published in 1946. The 2012 treatment identifies holotype K(M) 63976, collected at Kew in 1911, and designates the Hamburg collection PRM 901481 as epitype.

Fields: history.text