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PSILOCYBIAA monograph for the digital age.
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Psilocybia / The Index / Species record

The Psilocybe Index / Species account

Psilocybe eximia

E. Horak & Desjardin

Taxonomy: acceptedChemistry: Not yet researchedMolecular data: Not yet researched

Scoped source check. Chemistry, molecular literature, conservation, scientific imagery and occurrence datasets remain unresearched. Comprehensive synonymy and literature coverage remain incomplete. Original description checked; microscopic disagreements remain open.

01Overview

Source-checked

This scoped account documents selected type-based observations and collection provenance. The literature review remains incomplete, and differing morphological observations are attributed to their sources. [ramirez-cruz-2013-types]

This is a scientific reference record, not field-identification guidance.

02Nomenclature

Accepted name
Psilocybe eximia
Authority
E. Horak & Desjardin
Family
Agrocybaceae
Publication year
2006
Basionym
Not yet researched — verification required
Taxonomic status
accepted
MycoBank identifier
Not yet researched — verification required
Index Fungorum identifier
Not yet researched — verification required
Synonyms (0 recorded names)

No verified synonyms entered. This does not indicate that synonyms do not exist.

Nomenclatural sources: [gbif-5459584-2026] [ramirez-cruz-2013-types] [niskanen-2026] [horak-desjardin-2006]

Research completeness

taxonomy
Human reviewed — J Dale, 2026-09-29

Name and primary type treatment checked; family classification reconciled. Comprehensive synonymy review remains pending.

overview
preliminary

Selected passages checked; coverage is incomplete.

description
disputed

Selected measurements and source-specific differences checked; broader morphology remains incomplete. Original eximia paper inspected; three microscopic disagreements remain open.

ecology
preliminary

Selected passages checked; coverage is incomplete.

distribution
preliminary

Selected passages checked; coverage is incomplete.

chemistry
not researched

Not researched for this account; no absence claim.

molecular
not researched

Not researched for this account; no absence claim.

history
preliminary

Selected passages checked; coverage is incomplete.

conservation
not researched

Not researched for this account; no absence claim.

03Taxonomic description

Taxonomic description. These characters are presented for scientific reference and are not intended as field-identification guidance.

Macroscopic characters

Source-checked

Horak and Desjardin describe a pileus 20–40 mm across, initially conical and later expanded, with a pointed central papilla and strong radial folds. Their stipe measurements are 40–50 × 2–4 mm; veil remnants are reported absent. These are selected characters from the original taxonomic account. [horak-desjardin-2006]

Microscopic characters

Disputed

The 2013 revision reports spores 4.8–5.6 × 4.8–5.6 × 3.2–4.2 µm in examined material including the isotype. It observes small pleurocystidia, whereas the original description explicitly reports them absent. The original describes a non-gelatinized cutis and a differentiated subpellis; the revision describes an ixocutis and interprets the inflated cells as part of the pileus trama. These observations remain separate; this account does not resolve the disagreements. [ramirez-cruz-2013-types] [horak-desjardin-2006]

04Distribution and ecology

Source-checked

The original paper places E. Horak 7326 at Mt. Halimun National Park, near Cikaniki Field Station, Java, Indonesia, on 10 January 1999, with holotype BO 99-203 and isotypes at XAL and ZT. The revision examines the XAL isotype and two later Java collections. The original also reports a collection from Fraser’s Hill, Pahang, Malaysia, on 9 January 2006. These records do not establish the complete range. [horak-desjardin-2006] [ramirez-cruz-2013-types]

Known range
Java, Indonesia, recorded only from the type locality, Pahang, Malaysia
Countries with documented material
Indonesia, Malaysia
Habitats
Tropical montane broadleaf rain forest dominated by Castanopsis and Quercus, 1000-1100 m
Substrates
Bare muddy soil among moss, ferns, grasses and litter
Ecological associations
Castanopsis, Quercus
Seasonality
Not yet researched

Ecological context

Source-checked

The original paper describes the type habitat as bare muddy soil among moss, ferns, grasses and litter in tropical montane broadleaf rainforest dominated by Castanopsis–Quercus, at 1,000–1,100 m. This is source-reported habitat, not a complete ecological account. [horak-desjardin-2006]

Occurrence records

No georeferenced records located

The occurrence search returned no georeferenced records for this name. This is an absence of records, not evidence of absence.

Recorded observations are not equivalent to true biological range. Absence of records does not demonstrate absence of a species.

Occurrence provenance & map methods
Licence / retrieval date
CC BY-NC 4.0 / 2026-09-15
Coordinate uncertainty
Not applicable: no georeferenced records were located for this name.
Sensitive records
unreviewed

Points are plotted at source precision on an equirectangular projection. Two records falling on the same rendered pixel appear as one mark; the downloadable dataset is not reduced. Records published under names this reference has not reconciled, including synonyms, infraspecific taxa and sequence clusters, are excluded rather than reassigned.

05Chemistry

Measurements belong to studies, specimens and methods. A single concentration cannot stand in for a species.

Published assays · Measurements retain their original methodological context.
Study / yearMaterialMethodRecord
No verified assay records entered. This does not establish that no published assays exist.
Fields retained in each future assay record

Study, publication year, specimen, material, sample size, provenance, analytical method, preparation, storage, psilocybin, psilocin, baeocystin, norbaeocystin, aeruginascin, units, qualifiers and methodological notes. No concentrations have been invented for this prototype.

Modern quantitative assays

Not yet researched

Modern analytical studies have not yet been systematically searched and checked for this account.

Evidence assessment

Not yet researched

Chemical literature has not yet been reviewed for this account. No assay values are extracted; this does not establish compound presence or absence.

Assessments depend on material, preparation, storage, sampling and analytical methods. Measurements are literature records, not predictions of effects.

How chemistry records are structured ↗

06Molecular evidence

Not yet researched

This section has not yet been researched for this account.

07History

Source-checked

Horak and Desjardin published the species in Sydowia 58(1):28 (2006). The 2013 type revision added observations and challenged parts of the original microscopic interpretation, as documented in this account. [horak-desjardin-2006] [ramirez-cruz-2013-types]

A place for the historical record

This account records the nomenclatural history checked so far. Broader historical research remains pending; interpretations must stay connected to their documentary sources.

Reading the scientific record ↗

08Conservation

Not yet researched

Conservation assessments have not yet been researched for this account.

Assessment status
Not yet researched
Assessment authority / year
Not verified / Not verified

Not researched by Psilocybia, not assessed by a conservation authority, and Least Concern are different states. None should be inferred from another.

09Images & specimens

No verified, licensed scientific images supplied

Space is reserved for field photographs, herbarium specimens, microscopy and historical plates, with source and licence metadata.

Photographs are not presented as sufficient for mushroom identification.

10References

  1. GBIF Secretariat (2026). Psilocybe eximia — GBIF Backbone Taxonomy record 5459584; accessed 14 September 2026. . Source record ↗

    Source class: taxonomic database.

    Source verification history
    • metadata: verified · 2026-09-14 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source

      Full API name record inspected: nomenclature, species rank, acceptance and older family placement. lastInterpreted is in 2023; retrieval is not a new taxonomic revision.

    • content: verified · 2026-09-14 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source

      Full API name record inspected: nomenclature, species rank, acceptance and older family placement. lastInterpreted is in 2023; retrieval is not a new taxonomic revision.

  2. GBIF.org (2026). GBIF Occurrence Download: georeferenced records for Psilocybe taxa (download 0000371-260915150036944). . DOI: 10.15468/dl.dhgzxa Source record ↗

    Source class: primary.

    Source verification history
    • metadata: verified · 2026-09-29 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source

      Download record retrieved from the GBIF API. Key 0000371-260915150036944, DOI 10.15468/dl.dhgzxa, status SUCCEEDED, created 2026-09-15, 31,439 records drawn from 294 datasets, SIMPLE_CSV format, licence http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/legalcode. The DOI and the record count were confirmed against the archive held locally rather than assumed from the filename.

    • doi: verified · 2026-09-29 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source

      DOI read from the download record returned by the GBIF API and matched to the download key of the archive used to generate the occurrence maps.

    • content: verified · 2026-09-29 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source

      The archive was read row by row to generate the published maps and the per-country counts. 31,208 rows carry usable coordinates and a taxonKey this reference maps to one of its own records; 231 rows fall under synonyms, infraspecific taxa or sequence clusters and are excluded rather than reassigned. Coordinate uncertainty is reported for about 90 per cent of rows, with a median near 7 km and a coarsest value above 5,000 km, so individual points vary enormously in precision. 25 per cent of the country entries derived from this download rest on a single record, and the majority of records are human observations rather than preserved specimens; counts are therefore published alongside every country.

  3. E. Horak; D. E. Desjardin (2006). Agaricales of Indonesia. 6. Psilocybe (Strophariaceae) from Indonesia (Java, Bali, Lombok). Sydowia 58(1), 15–37. Source record ↗

    Source class: primary.

    Source verification history
    • metadata: verified · 2026-09-14 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source

      Full PDF inspected, title-page bibliographic identity checked; selected eximia account pp. 28–30 extracted. No DOI assigned without verification.

    • content: verified · 2026-09-14 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source

      Full PDF inspected, title-page bibliographic identity checked; selected eximia account pp. 28–30 extracted. No DOI assigned without verification.

  4. T. Niskanen; B. Dentinger; A.M. Ainsworth; I. Kytövuori; J.T. Kim; G.W. Griffith; K. Liimatainen (2026). Re-shaping the family-level classification of Agaricineae (Agaricales, Basidiomycota) using a phylogenomic approach. Studies in Mycology 113(1), 115–134. DOI: 10.3114/sim.2026.113.03 Source record ↗

    Source class: primary.

    Source verification history
    • metadata: verified · 2026-09-10 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source

      Bibliographic identity inspected; publication year is distinct from retrieval date.

    • content: verified · 2026-09-10 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source

      Family treatment Agrocybaceae, Table 1 and classification discussion inspected in the PDF. Effective online date in paper: 1 April 2026; Crossref issue date differs, so the record retains year only.

    • doi: verified · 2026-09-10 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source

      DOI and title matched against the cited bibliographic record; not just resolver availability.

  5. Virginia Ramírez-Cruz; Gaston Guzmán; Laura Guzmán-Dávalos (2013). Type studies of Psilocybe sensu lato (Strophariaceae, Agaricales). Sydowia 65(2), 277–319. Source record ↗

    Source class: primary.

    Source verification history
    • metadata: verified · 2026-09-10 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source

      Bibliographic identity checked against the publication.

    • content: verified · 2026-09-10 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source

      Full PDF inspected, with goniospora pp. 291–292 and ovoideocystidiata pp. 302–303 read in detail. No numeric microdimensions transcribed because extracted unit glyphs are unreliable. Qualitative cystidial observations and the type voucher are used.

Claim provenance

Source checks record what was inspected. Publication approval and section review are separate editorial decisions.

Name, authorship and original publication citation checked in the type revision and GBIF name record.

Fields: taxonomy.canonical_name, taxonomy.accepted_name, taxonomy.genus, taxonomy.specific_epithet, taxonomy.authority, taxonomy.publication_year

Species retained in the type revision and corroborated by GBIF acceptance; comprehensive synonymy review remains pending.

Fields: taxonomy.status

Follow the 2026 family treatment, which includes Psilocybe in Agrocybaceae.

Fields: taxonomy.family

GBIF retains Hymenogastraceae in a record interpreted in 2023.

Fields: taxonomy.family

  • gbif-5459584-2026 — family, lastInterpreted

    Source checked · Accessed 2026-09-14 · Psilocybia editorial. Selected source passage inspected. Quantitative type passages checked against PDF page images.

This scoped account documents selected type-based observations and collection provenance. The literature review remains incomplete, and differing morphological observations are attributed to their sources.

Fields: overview.text

Horak and Desjardin describe a pileus 20–40 mm across, initially conical and later expanded, with a pointed central papilla and strong radial folds. Their stipe measurements are 40–50 × 2–4 mm; veil remnants are reported absent. These are selected characters from the original taxonomic account.

Fields: description.macroscopic.text

The 2013 revision reports spores 4.8–5.6 × 4.8–5.6 × 3.2–4.2 µm in examined material including the isotype. It observes small pleurocystidia, whereas the original description explicitly reports them absent. The original describes a non-gelatinized cutis and a differentiated subpellis; the revision describes an ixocutis and interprets the inflated cells as part of the pileus trama. These observations remain separate; this account does not resolve the disagreements.

Fields: description.microscopic.text

Pleurocystidia absent; pileipellis a non-gelatinized cutis; subpellis composed of globose to ovoid cells.

Fields: description.microscopic.text

Pleurocystidia present; pileipellis an ixocutis; subpellis undifferentiated, with inflated cells interpreted as pileus trama.

Fields: description.microscopic.text

The original paper describes the type habitat as bare muddy soil among moss, ferns, grasses and litter in tropical montane broadleaf rainforest dominated by Castanopsis–Quercus, at 1,000–1,100 m. This is source-reported habitat, not a complete ecological account.

Fields: ecology.narrative.text

The original paper places E. Horak 7326 at Mt. Halimun National Park, near Cikaniki Field Station, Java, Indonesia, on 10 January 1999, with holotype BO 99-203 and isotypes at XAL and ZT. The revision examines the XAL isotype and two later Java collections. The original also reports a collection from Fraser’s Hill, Pahang, Malaysia, on 9 January 2006. These records do not establish the complete range.

Fields: distribution.narrative.text

Horak and Desjardin published the species in Sydowia 58(1):28 (2006). The 2013 type revision added observations and challenged parts of the original microscopic interpretation, as documented in this account.

Fields: history.text

The cited GBIF download contains no georeferenced records for this name. This is an absence of records rather than evidence of absence, and no range has been researched for this account.

Fields: distribution.occurrence

Database identifiers for this species, recorded so a reader can retrieve the same records. The GBIF backbone still places Psilocybe in Hymenogastraceae, whereas this site follows the 2026 family revision and treats the genus in Agrocybaceae; citing the identifier is not an endorsement of that placement. No active iNaturalist species taxon was located for this name, so that identifier is left empty.

Fields: distribution.gbif_taxon_id

Habitat and ecology as given in the protologue, which records the species as saprobic and describes the habitat of the type material. Castanopsis and Quercus are the dominant trees of that forest, not symbiotic partners.

Fields: ecology.habitats, ecology.substrates, ecology.associations

The protologue gives the distribution as Indonesia (Java, recorded only from the type locality) and Malaysia, the latter on a Pahang collection cited in the same paper.

Fields: distribution.regions, distribution.countries

Conflicting evidence

Resolved: taxonomy.family

The database retains an older family placement.

Adopt Niskanen et al. (2026) for family placement; use GBIF to corroborate nomenclature and acceptance. — Psilocybia editorial, 2026-09-14

Unresolved: description.microscopic.text

Original and revised accounts differ in pleurocystidial presence, pileipellis gelatinization and interpretation of inflated cells. Both source observations are retained; no re-examination was performed.