01Overview
The original account describes a dung-associated fungus from the Netherlands. Later authors described the American variety americana and analysed material under that name; its results are kept distinct from the European type. [guzman-bas-1977] [stamets-1980]
This is a scientific reference record, not field-identification guidance.
02Nomenclature
- Accepted name
- Psilocybe liniformans
- Authority
- Guzmán & Bas
- Family
- Agrocybaceae
- Publication year
- 1977
- Basionym
- Not yet researched — verification required
- Taxonomic status
- accepted
- MycoBank identifier
- Not yet researched — verification required
- Index Fungorum identifier
- Not yet researched — verification required
Synonyms (0 recorded names)
No verified synonyms entered. This does not indicate that synonyms do not exist.
Nomenclatural sources: [guzman-bas-1977] [ncbi-taxonomy-181765-2026] [niskanen-2026]
Research completeness
- taxonomy
- Human reviewed — J Dale, 2026-09-29
Core name and selected treatment checked. Exhaustive synonymy and current MycoBank database verification remain pending. Index Fungorum record retrieval failed. The historical americana variety is discussed without asserting a modern synonymy decision.
- overview
- preliminary
Introduction to this scoped account.
- description
- preliminary
Selected primary descriptions or type observations checked. Not a comprehensive modern redescription.
- ecology
- preliminary
Published habitat context only; no exhaustive ecological synthesis.
- distribution
- preliminary
Source-backed locations only. No complete range assessment or occurrence dataset.
- chemistry
- preliminary
Selected studies only; further assay discovery and synthesis remain pending.
- molecular
- not researched
No molecular literature assessment completed.
- history
- preliminary
Nomenclatural history only; broader historical synthesis remains pending.
- conservation
- not researched
Conservation assessments have not yet been researched.
03Taxonomic description
Taxonomic description. These characters are presented for scientific reference and are not intended as field-identification guidance.
Macroscopic characters
The European protologue describes a 10–25 mm cap, initially convex and becoming flatter, with no veil remnants. The gill edge contains a gelatinized elastic layer. Stem dimensions in that material are 14–30 × 1–2 mm. [guzman-bas-1977]
Microscopic characters
Spores in the original description measure (12–)13–14.5(–16.5) × 7.5–10 µm. Cheilocystidia measure 22–33 × 5.5–9 µm and combine with gelatinized hyphae at the gill edge; pleurocystidia are reported absent. [guzman-bas-1977]
04Distribution and ecology
The 1977 paper knew the species only from its Dutch type locality. The 1980 americana treatment lists Washington, Oregon and Michigan material. These are dated literature statements, not a current distribution assessment. [guzman-bas-1977] [stamets-1980]
- Known range
- Schouwen, Zeeland, Netherlands, the protologue reporting var. liniformans as known only from the type locality, Washington, Oregon and Michigan, USA (var. americana)
- Countries with documented material
- Netherlands, United States
- Habitats
- Poor meadow in coastal dunes (var. liniformans), Fields and pasture (var. americana)
- Substrates
- Horse dung (var. liniformans), Soil (var. americana)
- Ecological associations
- Not yet researched
- Seasonality
- Not yet researched
Ecological context
The type collection grew on horse dung in a meadow within coastal dunes. The later americana treatment reports soil-associated material lacking the elastic gill-edge layer. Ecology and morphology of those treatments are not silently combined. [guzman-bas-1977] [stamets-1980]
Occurrence records
Recorded observations are not equivalent to true biological range. Absence of records does not demonstrate absence of a species.
Occurrence provenance & map methods
- Licence / retrieval date
- CC BY-NC 4.0 / 2026-09-15
- Coordinate uncertainty
- Reported for 90 of 119 plotted records. Median 3 km; 18 records at 30 m or finer; coarsest 82 km. Points are plotted at source precision, so precision varies by orders of magnitude within this map.
- Sensitive records
- unreviewed
- Countries with georeferenced records
- NL (47) · ES (20) · GB (15) · FR (13) · BE (6) · PT (6) · DK (5) · DE (3) · SE (3) · IS (1)
Points are plotted at source precision on an equirectangular projection. Two records falling on the same rendered pixel appear as one mark; the downloadable dataset is not reduced. Records published under names this reference has not reconciled, including synonyms, infraspecific taxa and sequence clusters, are excluded rather than reassigned.
05Chemistry
Measurements belong to studies, specimens and methods. A single concentration cannot stand in for a species.
| Study / year | Material | Method | Record |
|---|---|---|---|
| A new species and a new variety of Psilocybe from North America / 1980 | Material reported on a dry-weight basis | High-performance liquid chromatography; corroborating TLC discussed separately | Details ↓ |
stamets-1980-liniformans-americana-type — specimen, methods & measurements
- Source location
- p. 481, Chemistry; p. 480, variety type
- Verification
- Source checked; see evidence trail
- Measurement basis
- dry mass
- Specimen
- Psilocybe liniformans var. americana, type PS 79-12 (Stamets 79-12, ENCB).
- Material
- Material reported on a dry-weight basis
- Sample size
- 1
- Sample counting basis
- One type collection, PS 79-12, within the study’s seven americana collections; fruiting-body count not specified.
- Provenance
- Variety type: Washington, USA; November 1979.
- Analytical method
- High-performance liquid chromatography; corroborating TLC discussed separately
- Preparation
- Methanolic extracts. The adjacent cyanofibrillosa protocol is not assumed to apply in full.
- Storage
- Storage and drying details for this specific collection are not specified in the extracted treatment.
- psilocybin
- 5.9 mg/g (individual) — Type collection; dry weight.
- psilocin
- not detected — Reported not detected; numerical detection limit not supplied. Not zero.
- baeocystin
- not reported — Not quantified by name in the extracted treatment.
- norbaeocystin
- not reported — Not quantified by name in the extracted treatment.
- aeruginascin
- not reported — Not quantified by name in the extracted treatment.
Collections in the source
Dates retain the precision reported by the study. These collections underlie the aggregate ranges; individual concentrations have not been inferred.
PS 79-12 · Washington, USA
- Collected
- November 1979
- Analysed
- Not reported in treatment
- Voucher
- Stamets 79-12 (ENCB)
- GenBank accession
- Not provided in the source table
Type of var. americana. Not the European liniformans type.
Historical variety identification retained. The type scalar is separated from the six other collections; no species average or detection limit is inferred.
Read source recordModern quantitative assays
Modern quantitative studies have not yet been assessed. The extracted assay is historical (1980).
Evidence assessment
A 1980 HPLC analysis covers seven collections identified as var. americana. The type collection is extracted below; the other collections reportedly ranged from 6.5–12.8 mg/g psilocybin, with a reported mean of 8.9 mg/g. These results are not measurements of the Dutch type. [stamets-1980]
Assessments depend on material, preparation, storage, sampling and analytical methods. Measurements are literature records, not predictions of effects.
How chemistry records are structured ↗06Molecular evidence
Molecular studies and sequence records have not yet been assessed for this account.
07History
The type is C. Bas 5512, collected on 10 November 1970 near Haamstede, Netherlands, with the holotype at L and an isotype at ENCB. The name was published in 1977; the americana variety followed in 1980. [guzman-bas-1977] [stamets-1980]
A place for the historical record
This account records the nomenclatural history checked so far. Broader historical research remains pending; interpretations must stay connected to their documentary sources.
08Conservation
Conservation assessments have not yet been researched for this account.
- Assessment status
- Not yet researched
- Assessment authority / year
- Not verified / Not verified
Not researched by Psilocybia, not assessed by a conservation authority, and Least Concern are different states. None should be inferred from another.
09Images & specimens
Space is reserved for field photographs, herbarium specimens, microscopy and historical plates, with source and licence metadata.
Photographs are not presented as sufficient for mushroom identification.
10References
- GBIF Secretariat (2026). Psilocybe liniformans — GBIF Backbone Taxonomy record 5459532; accessed 29 September 2026. . Source record ↗
Source class: taxonomic database.
Source verification history
- metadata: verified · 2026-09-29 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source
Backbone name record retrieved and confirmed by two independent routes: the strict name-match endpoint returned usageKey 5459532 as an EXACT, ACCEPTED species match, and the record endpoint was then fetched directly and agreed on name, rank and acceptance. The record places Psilocybe in Hymenogastraceae; that placement is not adopted here.
- content: verified · 2026-09-29 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source
Backbone name record retrieved and confirmed by two independent routes: the strict name-match endpoint returned usageKey 5459532 as an EXACT, ACCEPTED species match, and the record endpoint was then fetched directly and agreed on name, rank and acceptance. The record places Psilocybe in Hymenogastraceae; that placement is not adopted here.
- metadata: verified · 2026-09-29 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source
- GBIF.org (2026). GBIF Occurrence Download: georeferenced records for Psilocybe taxa (download 0000371-260915150036944). . DOI: 10.15468/dl.dhgzxa Source record ↗
Source class: primary.
Source verification history
- metadata: verified · 2026-09-29 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source
Download record retrieved from the GBIF API. Key 0000371-260915150036944, DOI 10.15468/dl.dhgzxa, status SUCCEEDED, created 2026-09-15, 31,439 records drawn from 294 datasets, SIMPLE_CSV format, licence http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/legalcode. The DOI and the record count were confirmed against the archive held locally rather than assumed from the filename.
- doi: verified · 2026-09-29 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source
DOI read from the download record returned by the GBIF API and matched to the download key of the archive used to generate the occurrence maps.
- content: verified · 2026-09-29 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source
The archive was read row by row to generate the published maps and the per-country counts. 31,208 rows carry usable coordinates and a taxonKey this reference maps to one of its own records; 231 rows fall under synonyms, infraspecific taxa or sequence clusters and are excluded rather than reassigned. Coordinate uncertainty is reported for about 90 per cent of rows, with a median near 7 km and a coarsest value above 5,000 km, so individual points vary enormously in precision. 25 per cent of the country entries derived from this download rest on a single record, and the majority of records are human observations rather than preserved specimens; counts are therefore published alongside every country.
- metadata: verified · 2026-09-29 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source
- G. Guzmán; C. Bas (1977). A new bluing species of Psilocybe from Europe. Persoonia 9(2), 233–238. Source record ↗
Source class: primary.
Source verification history
- metadata: verified · 2026-09-10 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source
Bibliographic identity inspected; publication year is distinct from retrieval date.
- content: verified · 2026-09-10 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source
Comparative observations for P. semilanceata and P. cyanescens on pp. 235, 237–238; other species descriptions are not transposed.
- metadata: verified · 2026-09-10 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source
- iNaturalist (2026). Psilocybe liniformans — iNaturalist taxon 518940; accessed 29 September 2026. . Source record ↗
Source class: taxonomic database.
Source verification history
- metadata: verified · 2026-09-29 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source
Taxon record retrieved and confirmed by two independent routes: a name query returned exactly one active species taxon named Psilocybe liniformans with id 518940, and the record endpoint was then fetched directly and agreed on name, rank and active status. This is an identifier for a community observation platform, not a taxonomic authority.
- content: verified · 2026-09-29 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source
Taxon record retrieved and confirmed by two independent routes: a name query returned exactly one active species taxon named Psilocybe liniformans with id 518940, and the record endpoint was then fetched directly and agreed on name, rank and active status. This is an identifier for a community observation platform, not a taxonomic authority.
- metadata: verified · 2026-09-29 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source
- NCBI Taxonomy (2026). NCBI Taxonomy record 181765: Psilocybe liniformans. . Source record ↗
Source class: taxonomic database.
Source verification history
- metadata: verified · 2026-09-10 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source
Taxonomy identifier and name checked. Year denotes access date.
- content: verified · 2026-09-10 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source
Current name and species rank inspected. Used alongside the original description, not as nomenclatural authority. Cached lineage assertions are not used for the adopted family.
- metadata: verified · 2026-09-10 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source
- T. Niskanen; B. Dentinger; A.M. Ainsworth; I. Kytövuori; J.T. Kim; G.W. Griffith; K. Liimatainen (2026). Re-shaping the family-level classification of Agaricineae (Agaricales, Basidiomycota) using a phylogenomic approach. Studies in Mycology 113(1), 115–134. DOI: 10.3114/sim.2026.113.03 Source record ↗
Source class: primary.
Source verification history
- metadata: verified · 2026-09-10 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source
Bibliographic identity inspected; publication year is distinct from retrieval date.
- content: verified · 2026-09-10 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source
Family treatment Agrocybaceae, Table 1 and classification discussion inspected in the PDF. Effective online date in paper: 1 April 2026; Crossref issue date differs, so the record retains year only.
- doi: verified · 2026-09-10 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source
DOI and title matched against the cited bibliographic record; not just resolver availability.
- metadata: verified · 2026-09-10 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source
- Paul E. Stamets; Michael W. Beug; Jeremy E. Bigwood; Gastón Guzmán (1980). A new species and a new variety of Psilocybe from North America. Mycotaxon 11(2), 476–484. Source record ↗
Source class: primary.
Source verification history
- metadata: verified · 2026-09-10 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source
Bibliographic identity checked against the publication.
- content: verified · 2026-09-10 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source
Scanned issue: article heading and pp. 480–481 inspected. Historical americana variety retained as the assay identification. No chemistry from the neighbouring cyanofibrillosa treatment is transferred. Variety limits have not been reanalysed.
- metadata: verified · 2026-09-10 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source
Claim provenance
Source checks record what was inspected. Publication approval and section review are separate editorial decisions.
Core name and adopted species treatment; full synonymy is not claimed.
Fields: taxonomy.canonical_name, taxonomy.accepted_name, taxonomy.genus, taxonomy.specific_epithet, taxonomy.authority, taxonomy.publication_year, taxonomy.status
- guzman-bas-1977 — New species treatment pp. 233–235
Source checked · Accessed 2026-09-10 · Psilocybia editorial. Checked against the cited source by the Psilocybia editorial process.
- ncbi-taxonomy-181765-2026 — Current name and rank
Source checked · Accessed 2026-09-10 · Psilocybia editorial. Checked against the cited source by the Psilocybia editorial process.
Agrocybaceae follows the 2026 family revision.
Fields: taxonomy.family
- niskanen-2026 — Table 1 and Agrocybaceae treatment
Source checked · Accessed 2026-09-10 · Psilocybia editorial. Checked against the cited source by the Psilocybia editorial process.
The original account describes a dung-associated fungus from the Netherlands. Later authors described the American variety americana and analysed material under that name; its results are kept distinct from the European type.
Fields: overview.text
- guzman-bas-1977 — pp. 233–235
Source checked · Accessed 2026-09-10 · Psilocybia editorial. Checked against the cited source by the Psilocybia editorial process.
- stamets-1980 — pp. 480–481
Source checked · Accessed 2026-09-10 · Psilocybia editorial. Checked against the cited source by the Psilocybia editorial process.
The European protologue describes a 10–25 mm cap, initially convex and becoming flatter, with no veil remnants. The gill edge contains a gelatinized elastic layer. Stem dimensions in that material are 14–30 × 1–2 mm.
Fields: description.macroscopic.text
- guzman-bas-1977 — pp. 234–235
Source checked · Accessed 2026-09-10 · Psilocybia editorial. Checked against the cited source by the Psilocybia editorial process.
Spores in the original description measure (12–)13–14.5(–16.5) × 7.5–10 µm. Cheilocystidia measure 22–33 × 5.5–9 µm and combine with gelatinized hyphae at the gill edge; pleurocystidia are reported absent.
Fields: description.microscopic.text
- guzman-bas-1977 — p. 235
Source checked · Accessed 2026-09-10 · Psilocybia editorial. Checked against the cited source by the Psilocybia editorial process.
The type collection grew on horse dung in a meadow within coastal dunes. The later americana treatment reports soil-associated material lacking the elastic gill-edge layer. Ecology and morphology of those treatments are not silently combined.
Fields: ecology.narrative.text
- guzman-bas-1977 — p. 235, habitat
Source checked · Accessed 2026-09-10 · Psilocybia editorial. Checked against the cited source by the Psilocybia editorial process.
- stamets-1980 — pp. 480–481, americana treatment
Source checked · Accessed 2026-09-10 · Psilocybia editorial. Checked against the cited source by the Psilocybia editorial process.
The 1977 paper knew the species only from its Dutch type locality. The 1980 americana treatment lists Washington, Oregon and Michigan material. These are dated literature statements, not a current distribution assessment.
Fields: distribution.narrative.text
- guzman-bas-1977 — p. 235, distribution and material
Source checked · Accessed 2026-09-10 · Psilocybia editorial. Checked against the cited source by the Psilocybia editorial process.
- stamets-1980 — pp. 480–481
Source checked · Accessed 2026-09-10 · Psilocybia editorial. Checked against the cited source by the Psilocybia editorial process.
A 1980 HPLC analysis covers seven collections identified as var. americana. The type collection is extracted below; the other collections reportedly ranged from 6.5–12.8 mg/g psilocybin, with a reported mean of 8.9 mg/g. These results are not measurements of the Dutch type.
Fields: chemistry.summary.text, chemistry.evidence_status
- stamets-1980 — p. 481, Chemistry
Source checked · Accessed 2026-09-10 · Psilocybia editorial. Checked against the cited source by the Psilocybia editorial process.
The type is C. Bas 5512, collected on 10 November 1970 near Haamstede, Netherlands, with the holotype at L and an isotype at ENCB. The name was published in 1977; the americana variety followed in 1980.
Fields: history.text
- guzman-bas-1977 — pp. 233, 235
Source checked · Accessed 2026-09-10 · Psilocybia editorial. Checked against the cited source by the Psilocybia editorial process.
- stamets-1980 — p. 480
Source checked · Accessed 2026-09-10 · Psilocybia editorial. Checked against the cited source by the Psilocybia editorial process.
Historical type-collection measurement with original variety identity retained.
Fields: chemistry.assays.0
- stamets-1980 — p. 481, Chemistry; p. 480, variety type
Source checked · Accessed 2026-09-10 · Psilocybia editorial. Checked against the cited source by the Psilocybia editorial process.
119 georeferenced records for this name in the cited GBIF download, plotted as 78 distinct positions and spanning 10 country codes, of which 1 rest on a single record. These are record locations, not a compiled range: no range has been researched for this account.
Fields: distribution.occurrence
- gbif-download-dhgzxa-2026 — Download 0000371-260915150036944; rows matched on taxonKey
Source checked · Accessed 2026-09-15 · Psilocybia editorial. Archive read row by row to generate the published map and the per-country counts. Rows under synonyms, infraspecific taxa and sequence clusters are excluded rather than reassigned.
Database identifiers for this species, recorded so a reader can retrieve the same records. The GBIF backbone still places Psilocybe in Hymenogastraceae, whereas this site follows the 2026 family revision and treats the genus in Agrocybaceae; citing the identifier is not an endorsement of that placement.
Fields: distribution.gbif_taxon_id, distribution.inaturalist_taxon_id
- gbif-5459532-2026 — Backbone taxon record 5459532
Source checked · Accessed 2026-09-29 · Psilocybia editorial. Identifier confirmed against the backbone record by two endpoints.
- inaturalist-518940-2026 — Taxon record 518940
Source checked · Accessed 2026-09-29 · Psilocybia editorial. Identifier confirmed against the taxon record by two endpoints.
The two varieties differ in substrate: the protologue records var. liniformans gregarious on horse dung on a poor meadow in coastal dunes, while var. americana was described as terricolous, scattered on soil in a field.
Fields: ecology.habitats, ecology.substrates
- guzman-bas-1977 — Habitat, ecology and distribution statements
Source checked · Accessed 2026-09-29 · Psilocybia editorial. Read directly in the cited text; the passage was anchored to this species entry.
- stamets-1980 — Habitat, ecology and distribution statements
Source checked · Accessed 2026-09-29 · Psilocybia editorial. Read directly in the cited text; the passage was anchored to this species entry.
The protologue reports var. liniformans as known only from the type locality in the Netherlands; the 1980 paper reports var. americana as known only from Washington, Oregon and Michigan.
Fields: distribution.regions, distribution.countries
- guzman-bas-1977 — Habitat, ecology and distribution statements
Source checked · Accessed 2026-09-29 · Psilocybia editorial. Read directly in the cited text; the passage was anchored to this species entry.
- stamets-1980 — Habitat, ecology and distribution statements
Source checked · Accessed 2026-09-29 · Psilocybia editorial. Read directly in the cited text; the passage was anchored to this species entry.