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PSILOCYBIAA monograph for the digital age.
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Psilocybia / The Index / Species record

The Psilocybe Index / Species account

Psilocybe liniformans

Guzmán & Bas

Taxonomy: acceptedChemistry: Limited quantitative evidenceMolecular data: Not yet researched

Selected scientific sources researched and checked by Codex. No human scientific review. This account is incomplete; section notes define its scope. Quantitative records describe source material, never an expected species concentration.

01Overview

Agent source-checked

The original account describes a dung-associated fungus from the Netherlands. Later authors described the American variety americana and analysed material under that name; its results are kept distinct from the European type. [guzman-bas-1977] [stamets-1980]

This is a scientific reference record, not field-identification guidance.

02Nomenclature

Accepted name
Psilocybe liniformans
Authority
Guzmán & Bas
Family
Agrocybaceae
Publication year
1977
Basionym
Not yet researched — verification required
Taxonomic status
accepted
MycoBank identifier
Not yet researched — verification required
Index Fungorum identifier
Not yet researched — verification required
Synonyms (0 recorded names)

No verified synonyms entered. This does not indicate that synonyms do not exist.

Nomenclatural sources: [guzman-bas-1977] [ncbi-taxonomy-181765-2026] [niskanen-2026]

Research completeness

taxonomy
Agent source-checked — Codex (agent), 2026-09-10

Core name and selected treatment checked. Exhaustive synonymy and current MycoBank database verification remain pending. Index Fungorum record retrieval failed. The historical americana variety is discussed without asserting a modern synonymy decision.

overview
preliminary

Introduction to this scoped account.

description
preliminary

Selected primary descriptions or type observations checked. Not a comprehensive modern redescription.

ecology
preliminary

Published habitat context only; no exhaustive ecological synthesis.

distribution
preliminary

Source-backed locations only. No complete range assessment or occurrence dataset.

chemistry
preliminary

Selected studies only; further assay discovery and synthesis remain pending.

molecular
not researched

No molecular literature assessment completed.

history
preliminary

Nomenclatural history only; broader historical synthesis remains pending.

conservation
not researched

Conservation assessments have not yet been researched.

03Taxonomic description

Taxonomic description. These characters are presented for scientific reference and are not intended as field-identification guidance.

Macroscopic characters

Agent source-checked

The European protologue describes a 10–25 mm cap, initially convex and becoming flatter, with no veil remnants. The gill edge contains a gelatinized elastic layer. Stem dimensions in that material are 14–30 × 1–2 mm. [guzman-bas-1977]

Microscopic characters

Agent source-checked

Spores in the original description measure (12–)13–14.5(–16.5) × 7.5–10 µm. Cheilocystidia measure 22–33 × 5.5–9 µm and combine with gelatinized hyphae at the gill edge; pleurocystidia are reported absent. [guzman-bas-1977]

04Distribution and ecology

Agent source-checked

The 1977 paper knew the species only from its Dutch type locality. The 1980 americana treatment lists Washington, Oregon and Michigan material. These are dated literature statements, not a current distribution assessment. [guzman-bas-1977] [stamets-1980]

Known range
Not yet researched
Habitats
Not yet researched
Substrates
Not yet researched
Ecological associations
Not yet researched
Seasonality
Not yet researched

Ecological context

Agent source-checked

The type collection grew on horse dung in a meadow within coastal dunes. The later americana treatment reports soil-associated material lacking the elastic gill-edge layer. Ecology and morphology of those treatments are not silently combined. [guzman-bas-1977] [stamets-1980]

Occurrence records

Occurrence map — awaiting verified records

No occurrence points loaded.

Recorded observations are not equivalent to true biological range. Absence of records does not demonstrate absence of a species.

Occurrence provenance & future map methods
Source
Not yet supplied
Licence / retrieval date
Awaiting licence / Not retrieved
Coordinate uncertainty
Not reviewed
Sensitive records
unreviewed

Future ingestion will review licensing, coordinate uncertainty and sensitive locations. Sampling, clustering and date filters will operate on separately loaded datasets; no coordinates are embedded in this page.

05Chemistry

Measurements belong to studies, specimens and methods. A single concentration cannot stand in for a species.

Published assays · Measurements retain their original methodological context.
Study / yearMaterialMethodRecord
A new species and a new variety of Psilocybe from North America / 1980Material reported on a dry-weight basisHigh-performance liquid chromatography; corroborating TLC discussed separatelyDetails ↓
stamets-1980-liniformans-americana-type — specimen, methods & measurements
Source location
p. 481, Chemistry; p. 480, variety type
Verification
Source checked; see evidence trail
Measurement basis
dry mass
Specimen
Psilocybe liniformans var. americana, type PS 79-12 (Stamets 79-12, ENCB).
Material
Material reported on a dry-weight basis
Sample size
1
Sample counting basis
One type collection, PS 79-12, within the study’s seven americana collections; fruiting-body count not specified.
Provenance
Variety type: Washington, USA; November 1979.
Analytical method
High-performance liquid chromatography; corroborating TLC discussed separately
Preparation
Methanolic extracts. The adjacent cyanofibrillosa protocol is not assumed to apply in full.
Storage
Storage and drying details for this specific collection are not specified in the extracted treatment.
psilocybin
5.9 mg/g (individual) — Type collection; dry weight.
psilocin
not detected — Reported not detected; numerical detection limit not supplied. Not zero.
baeocystin
not reported — Not quantified by name in the extracted treatment.
norbaeocystin
not reported — Not quantified by name in the extracted treatment.
aeruginascin
not reported — Not quantified by name in the extracted treatment.

Collections in the source

Dates retain the precision reported by the study. These collections underlie the aggregate ranges; individual concentrations have not been inferred.

PS 79-12 · Washington, USA
Collected
November 1979
Analysed
Not reported in treatment
Voucher
Stamets 79-12 (ENCB)
GenBank accession
Not provided in the source table

Type of var. americana. Not the European liniformans type.

Historical variety identification retained. The type scalar is separated from the six other collections; no species average or detection limit is inferred.

Read source record

Modern quantitative assays

Not yet researched

Modern quantitative studies have not yet been assessed. The extracted assay is historical (1980).

Evidence assessment

Agent source-checked

A 1980 HPLC analysis covers seven collections identified as var. americana. The type collection is extracted below; the other collections reportedly ranged from 6.5–12.8 mg/g psilocybin, with a reported mean of 8.9 mg/g. These results are not measurements of the Dutch type. [stamets-1980]

Assessments depend on material, preparation, storage, sampling and analytical methods. Measurements are literature records, not predictions of effects.

How chemistry records are structured ↗

06Molecular evidence

Not yet researched

Molecular studies and sequence records have not yet been assessed for this account.

07History

Agent source-checked

The type is C. Bas 5512, collected on 10 November 1970 near Haamstede, Netherlands, with the holotype at L and an isotype at ENCB. The name was published in 1977; the americana variety followed in 1980. [guzman-bas-1977] [stamets-1980]

A place for the historical record

This account records the nomenclatural history checked so far. Broader historical research remains pending; interpretations must stay connected to their documentary sources.

Reading the scientific record ↗

08Conservation

Not yet researched

Conservation assessments have not yet been researched for this account.

Assessment status
Not yet researched
Assessment authority / year
Not verified / Not verified

Not researched by Psilocybia, not assessed by a conservation authority, and Least Concern are different states. None should be inferred from another.

09Images & specimens

No verified, licensed scientific images supplied

Space is reserved for field photographs, herbarium specimens, microscopy and historical plates, with source and licence metadata.

Photographs are not presented as sufficient for mushroom identification.

10References

  1. T. Niskanen; B. Dentinger; A.M. Ainsworth; I. Kytövuori; J.T. Kim; G.W. Griffith; K. Liimatainen (2026). Re-shaping the family-level classification of Agaricineae (Agaricales, Basidiomycota) using a phylogenomic approach. Studies in Mycology 113(1), 115–134. DOI: 10.3114/sim.2026.113.03 Source record ↗

    Source class: primary.

    Source verification history
    • metadata: verified · 2026-09-10 · Codex (agent) (agent). Verification source

      Bibliographic identity inspected; publication year is distinct from retrieval date.

    • content: verified · 2026-09-10 · Codex (agent) (agent). Verification source

      Family treatment Agrocybaceae, Table 1 and classification discussion inspected in the PDF. Effective online date in paper: 1 April 2026; Crossref issue date differs, so the record retains year only.

    • doi: verified · 2026-09-10 · Codex (agent) (agent). Verification source

      DOI and title matched against the cited bibliographic record; not just resolver availability.

  2. G. Guzmán; C. Bas (1977). A new bluing species of Psilocybe from Europe. Persoonia 9(2), 233–238. Source record ↗

    Source class: primary.

    Source verification history
    • metadata: verified · 2026-09-10 · Codex (agent) (agent). Verification source

      Bibliographic identity inspected; publication year is distinct from retrieval date.

    • content: verified · 2026-09-10 · Codex (agent) (agent). Verification source

      Comparative observations for P. semilanceata and P. cyanescens on pp. 235, 237–238; other species descriptions are not transposed.

  3. Paul E. Stamets; Michael W. Beug; Jeremy E. Bigwood; Gastón Guzmán (1980). A new species and a new variety of Psilocybe from North America. Mycotaxon 11(2), 476–484. Source record ↗

    Source class: primary.

    Source verification history
    • metadata: verified · 2026-09-10 · Codex (agent) (agent). Verification source

      Bibliographic identity checked against the publication.

    • content: verified · 2026-09-10 · Codex (agent) (agent). Verification source

      Scanned issue: article heading and pp. 480–481 inspected. Historical americana variety retained as the assay identification. No chemistry from the neighbouring cyanofibrillosa treatment is transferred. Variety limits have not been reanalysed.

  4. NCBI Taxonomy (2026). NCBI Taxonomy record 181765: Psilocybe liniformans. . Source record ↗

    Source class: taxonomic database.

    Source verification history
    • metadata: verified · 2026-09-10 · Codex (agent) (agent). Verification source

      Taxonomy identifier and name checked. Year denotes access date.

    • content: verified · 2026-09-10 · Codex (agent) (agent). Verification source

      Current name and species rank inspected. Used alongside the original description, not as nomenclatural authority. Cached lineage assertions are not used for the adopted family.

Claim provenance

Source checks record what was inspected. Publication approval and section review are separate editorial decisions.

Core name and adopted species treatment; full synonymy is not claimed.

Fields: taxonomy.canonical_name, taxonomy.accepted_name, taxonomy.genus, taxonomy.specific_epithet, taxonomy.authority, taxonomy.publication_year, taxonomy.status

Agrocybaceae follows the 2026 family revision.

Fields: taxonomy.family

The original account describes a dung-associated fungus from the Netherlands. Later authors described the American variety americana and analysed material under that name; its results are kept distinct from the European type.

Fields: overview.text

  • guzman-bas-1977 — pp. 233–235

    Source checked · Accessed 2026-09-10 · Codex (agent). Checked against the cited source by Codex; no human scientific review.

  • stamets-1980 — pp. 480–481

    Source checked · Accessed 2026-09-10 · Codex (agent). Checked against the cited source by Codex; no human scientific review.

The European protologue describes a 10–25 mm cap, initially convex and becoming flatter, with no veil remnants. The gill edge contains a gelatinized elastic layer. Stem dimensions in that material are 14–30 × 1–2 mm.

Fields: description.macroscopic.text

  • guzman-bas-1977 — pp. 234–235

    Source checked · Accessed 2026-09-10 · Codex (agent). Checked against the cited source by Codex; no human scientific review.

Spores in the original description measure (12–)13–14.5(–16.5) × 7.5–10 µm. Cheilocystidia measure 22–33 × 5.5–9 µm and combine with gelatinized hyphae at the gill edge; pleurocystidia are reported absent.

Fields: description.microscopic.text

  • guzman-bas-1977 — p. 235

    Source checked · Accessed 2026-09-10 · Codex (agent). Checked against the cited source by Codex; no human scientific review.

The type collection grew on horse dung in a meadow within coastal dunes. The later americana treatment reports soil-associated material lacking the elastic gill-edge layer. Ecology and morphology of those treatments are not silently combined.

Fields: ecology.narrative.text

The 1977 paper knew the species only from its Dutch type locality. The 1980 americana treatment lists Washington, Oregon and Michigan material. These are dated literature statements, not a current distribution assessment.

Fields: distribution.narrative.text

A 1980 HPLC analysis covers seven collections identified as var. americana. The type collection is extracted below; the other collections reportedly ranged from 6.5–12.8 mg/g psilocybin, with a reported mean of 8.9 mg/g. These results are not measurements of the Dutch type.

Fields: chemistry.summary.text, chemistry.evidence_status

  • stamets-1980 — p. 481, Chemistry

    Source checked · Accessed 2026-09-10 · Codex (agent). Checked against the cited source by Codex; no human scientific review.

The type is C. Bas 5512, collected on 10 November 1970 near Haamstede, Netherlands, with the holotype at L and an isotype at ENCB. The name was published in 1977; the americana variety followed in 1980.

Fields: history.text

  • guzman-bas-1977 — pp. 233, 235

    Source checked · Accessed 2026-09-10 · Codex (agent). Checked against the cited source by Codex; no human scientific review.

  • stamets-1980 — p. 480

    Source checked · Accessed 2026-09-10 · Codex (agent). Checked against the cited source by Codex; no human scientific review.

Historical type-collection measurement with original variety identity retained.

Fields: chemistry.assays.0