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Psilocybia / The Index / Species record

The Psilocybe Index / Species account

Psilocybe medullosa

(Bres.) Borov.

Taxonomy: acceptedChemistry: Limited quantitative evidenceMolecular data: Agent source-checked

Scoped account checked by Codex; no human scientific review. Original protologues, comprehensive morphology and synonymy, conservation, scientific imagery and occurrence datasets remain incomplete. Assays describe studied material only.

01Overview

Agent source-checked

The account follows the molecularly supported separation from P. silvatica. Published chemistry is available, but the 2022 collection totals disagree across source components. [borovicka-2015-atrobrunnea] [gotvaldova-2022]

This is a scientific reference record, not field-identification guidance.

02Nomenclature

Accepted name
Psilocybe medullosa
Authority
(Bres.) Borov.
Family
Agrocybaceae
Publication year
2007
Basionym
Naucoria medullosa Bres.
Taxonomic status
accepted
MycoBank identifier
Not yet researched — verification required
Index Fungorum identifier
532147
Synonyms (0 recorded names)

No verified synonyms entered. This does not indicate that synonyms do not exist.

Nomenclatural sources: [index-fungorum-532147-2026] [niskanen-2026] [borovicka-2015-atrobrunnea]

Research completeness

taxonomy
Agent source-checked — Codex (agent), 2026-09-12

Current name and primary treatment checked. Original protologues and exhaustive synonymy remain pending. Any historical name conflict is explicitly resolved within the account’s scope.

overview
preliminary

Selected source passages checked; comprehensive synthesis remains pending.

description
preliminary

Selected source passages checked; comprehensive synthesis remains pending.

ecology
preliminary

Selected source passages checked; comprehensive synthesis remains pending.

distribution
preliminary

Selected source passages checked; comprehensive synthesis remains pending.

chemistry
disputed

Table 1, methods and supplement checked. Source disagreements are preserved in evidence conflicts; no species mean, extrapolation or inferred zero is supplied.

molecular
preliminary

Selected source passages checked; comprehensive synthesis remains pending.

history
preliminary

Selected source passages checked; comprehensive synthesis remains pending.

conservation
not researched

Research remains incomplete; no absence or conservation category inferred.

03Taxonomic description

Taxonomic description. These characters are presented for scientific reference and are not intended as field-identification guidance.

Macroscopic characters

Agent source-checked

The 2015 authors report no observed bluing in their medullosa material. This single character is not a complete macroscopic description. [borovicka-2015-atrobrunnea]

Microscopic characters

Agent source-checked

The 2015 comparison describes small, nearly ellipsoid spores and spindle-shaped cheilocystidia with extended necks. It reports close morphological similarity to P. silvatica. [borovicka-2015-atrobrunnea]

04Distribution and ecology

Agent source-checked

Table 1 of the 2015 study documents Czech and Austrian material. These studied collections do not delimit the species’ range. [borovicka-2015-atrobrunnea]

Known range
Not yet researched
Habitats
Not yet researched
Substrates
Not yet researched
Ecological associations
Not yet researched
Seasonality
Not yet researched

Ecological context

Agent source-checked

The 2015 account records woody litter, mostly under conifers, with beech also mentioned. This is a scoped habitat summary. [borovicka-2015-atrobrunnea]

Occurrence records

Occurrence map — awaiting verified records

No occurrence points loaded.

Recorded observations are not equivalent to true biological range. Absence of records does not demonstrate absence of a species.

Occurrence provenance & future map methods
Source
Not yet supplied
Licence / retrieval date
Awaiting licence / Not retrieved
Coordinate uncertainty
Not reviewed
Sensitive records
unreviewed

Future ingestion will review licensing, coordinate uncertainty and sensitive locations. Sampling, clustering and date filters will operate on separately loaded datasets; no coordinates are embedded in this page.

05Chemistry

Measurements belong to studies, specimens and methods. A single concentration cannot stand in for a species.

Published assays · Measurements retain their original methodological context.
Study / yearMaterialMethodRecord
Extensive Collection of Psychotropic Mushrooms with Determination of Their Tryptamine Alkaloids / 2022Dried fruiting bodiesUHPLC–MS/MS (triple quadrupole; positive electrospray; dynamic multiple reaction monitoring)Details ↓
gotvaldova-2022-medullosa-table-1 — specimen, methods & measurements
Source location
Table 1, Psilocybe medullosa row; sections 2.2 and 3.2–3.4; Supplementary Table S1
Verification
Source checked; see evidence trail
Measurement basis
dry mass
Specimen
Whole fruiting bodies (cap and stipe) identified as Psilocybe medullosa in the source.
Material
Dried fruiting bodies
Sample size
11
Sample counting basis
11 fruiting bodies (fb), from 3 collections (n), as printed in Table 1.
Provenance
Table S1 lists Czech and Swedish material; assignment to the three Table 1 collections remains unresolved.
Analytical method
UHPLC–MS/MS (triple quadrupole; positive electrospray; dynamic multiple reaction monitoring)
Preparation
Dried, homogenized fruiting bodies; acidified methanol extraction and re-extraction (section 3.3).
Storage
Dried material kept in darkness at 20 °C (section 3.2). Exact storage durations and assignments of supplement collection dates to this aggregate are not inferred.
psilocybin
0.143–1.003 mg/g (range) — Aggregate range, dry mass, as printed in Table 1. A printed 0.000 endpoint is not proof of absolute absence.
psilocin
0–0.051 mg/g (range) — Aggregate range, dry mass, as printed in Table 1. A printed 0.000 endpoint is not proof of absolute absence.
baeocystin
0.007–0.406 mg/g (range) — Aggregate range, dry mass, as printed in Table 1. A printed 0.000 endpoint is not proof of absolute absence.
norbaeocystin
0–0.215 mg/g (range) — Aggregate range, dry mass, as printed in Table 1. A printed 0.000 endpoint is not proof of absolute absence.
aeruginascin
not detected — Below detection limit in tested material; not zero or species-wide absence.

Aggregate dry-mass results from one study, not expected species concentrations. No individual measurements are inferred from ranges. Table 1 and section 2.2 report three collections; Table S1 lists four IDs (PS-07, PS-16, PS-19, H-19). Collection assignments are withheld pending reconciliation.

Read source record

Modern quantitative assays

Agent source-checked

The extracted study used UHPLC–MS/MS on dried material. Preparation, storage and measurement basis accompany the row. [gotvaldova-2022]

Evidence assessment

Agent source-checked

The 2022 table reports eleven fruiting bodies from three collections; its supplement lists four collection IDs. Ranges are retained as table-level results without assigning them to particular collections. Earlier GC–MS work was qualitative. [gotvaldova-2022] [borovicka-2015-atrobrunnea]

Assessments depend on material, preparation, storage, sampling and analytical methods. Measurements are literature records, not predictions of effects.

How chemistry records are structured ↗

06Molecular evidence

Agent source-checked

The 2015 comparison found differences from P. silvatica in four DNA regions. American sampling was limited to one sequenced collection. [borovicka-2015-atrobrunnea]

07History

Agent source-checked

The 2007 Psilocybe combination is based on Bresadola’s Naucoria medullosa, published in 1898. Original name publications remain unchecked here. [index-fungorum-532147-2026]

A place for the historical record

This account records the nomenclatural history checked so far. Broader historical research remains pending; interpretations must stay connected to their documentary sources.

Reading the scientific record ↗

08Conservation

Not yet researched

This section has not yet been researched for this account.

Assessment status
Not yet researched
Assessment authority / year
Not verified / Not verified

Not researched by Psilocybia, not assessed by a conservation authority, and Least Concern are different states. None should be inferred from another.

09Images & specimens

No verified, licensed scientific images supplied

Space is reserved for field photographs, herbarium specimens, microscopy and historical plates, with source and licence metadata.

Photographs are not presented as sufficient for mushroom identification.

10References

  1. Klára Gotvaldová; Jan Borovička; Kateřina Hájková; Petra Cihlářová; Alan Rockefeller; Martin Kuchař (2022). Extensive Collection of Psychotropic Mushrooms with Determination of Their Tryptamine Alkaloids. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23(22), 14068. DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214068 Source record ↗

    Source class: primary.

    Source verification history
    • metadata: verified · 2026-09-08 · Codex (agent) (agent). Verification source

      Authors, title, year, volume, issue and article number match the article XML.

    • doi: verified · 2026-09-08 · Codex (agent) (agent). Verification source

      DOI in PubMed matches article-id in the primary article XML; this is an identity cross-check, not just syntax validation.

    • content: verified · 2026-09-08 · Codex (agent) (agent). Verification source

      Read Table 1 and its footnote, and sections 3.1, 3.3 and 3.4 in the full-text XML. Supplementary Table S1 has not yet been extracted.

    • content: verified · 2026-09-10 · Codex (agent) (agent). Verification source

      Rechecked Table 1, sections 3.2–3.4, and Supplementary Table S1 (13 collections in this batch). Corrected pilot locator: collection/storage is section 3.2, not 3.1. Original aggregate ranges verified against XML.

  2. T. Niskanen; B. Dentinger; A.M. Ainsworth; I. Kytövuori; J.T. Kim; G.W. Griffith; K. Liimatainen (2026). Re-shaping the family-level classification of Agaricineae (Agaricales, Basidiomycota) using a phylogenomic approach. Studies in Mycology 113(1), 115–134. DOI: 10.3114/sim.2026.113.03 Source record ↗

    Source class: primary.

    Source verification history
    • metadata: verified · 2026-09-10 · Codex (agent) (agent). Verification source

      Bibliographic identity inspected; publication year is distinct from retrieval date.

    • content: verified · 2026-09-10 · Codex (agent) (agent). Verification source

      Family treatment Agrocybaceae, Table 1 and classification discussion inspected in the PDF. Effective online date in paper: 1 April 2026; Crossref issue date differs, so the record retains year only.

    • doi: verified · 2026-09-10 · Codex (agent) (agent). Verification source

      DOI and title matched against the cited bibliographic record; not just resolver availability.

  3. J. Borovička; M. Oborník; J. Stříbrný; M. E. Noordeloos; L. A. Parra Sánchez; M. Gryndler (2015). Phylogenetic and chemical studies in the potential psychotropic species complex of Psilocybe atrobrunnea with taxonomic and nomenclatural notes. Persoonia 34, 1–9. DOI: 10.3767/003158515X685283 Source record ↗

    Source class: primary.

    Source verification history
    • metadata: verified · 2026-09-12 · Codex (agent) (agent). Verification source

      Authors, title, volume and pages match full-text XML. Issue dated June 2015; electronic publication 21 October 2014.

    • doi: verified · 2026-09-12 · Codex (agent) (agent). Verification source

      DOI agrees with the full article XML.

    • content: verified · 2026-09-12 · Codex (agent) (agent). Verification source

      Read nomenclatural discussion, medullosa/silvatica comparison, Tables 1–3 and chemical results. The 2015 study did not quantify PS/PSB. No cultivation protocol extracted.

  4. Index Fungorum (2026). Index Fungorum: Psilocybe medullosa, record 532147 — accessed 12 September 2026. . Source record ↗

    Source class: taxonomic database.

    Source verification history
    • metadata: verified · 2026-09-12 · Codex (agent) (agent). Verification source

      Database record identity and nomenclatural citation checked; retrieval year is not the scientific publication year.

    • content: verified · 2026-09-12 · Codex (agent) (agent). Verification source

      Current name, authority and name citation inspected, including basionym where present. This is a name-record check, not inspection of the original protologue.

Claim provenance

Source checks record what was inspected. Publication approval and section review are separate editorial decisions.

Core name metadata follows the inspected nomenclatural record.

Fields: taxonomy.canonical_name, taxonomy.accepted_name, taxonomy.genus, taxonomy.specific_epithet, taxonomy.authority, taxonomy.publication_year, taxonomy.basionym, taxonomy.index_fungorum_id

Follow the 2026 family treatment, which includes Psilocybe in Agrocybaceae.

Fields: taxonomy.family

Retain this species under the checked current name and the cited primary treatment.

Fields: taxonomy.status

The account follows the molecularly supported separation from P. silvatica. Published chemistry is available, but the 2022 collection totals disagree across source components.

Fields: overview.text

The 2015 authors report no observed bluing in their medullosa material. This single character is not a complete macroscopic description.

Fields: description.macroscopic.text

The 2015 comparison describes small, nearly ellipsoid spores and spindle-shaped cheilocystidia with extended necks. It reports close morphological similarity to P. silvatica.

Fields: description.microscopic.text

The 2015 account records woody litter, mostly under conifers, with beech also mentioned. This is a scoped habitat summary.

Fields: ecology.narrative.text

Table 1 of the 2015 study documents Czech and Austrian material. These studied collections do not delimit the species’ range.

Fields: distribution.narrative.text

The 2015 comparison found differences from P. silvatica in four DNA regions. American sampling was limited to one sequenced collection.

Fields: molecular.text

The 2007 Psilocybe combination is based on Bresadola’s Naucoria medullosa, published in 1898. Original name publications remain unchecked here.

Fields: history.text

Earlier treatments combined medullosa with silvatica on morphological grounds.

Fields: taxonomy.status

The authors recommend keeping the names separate after their molecular comparison.

Fields: taxonomy.status

Scoped extraction of the published analytical table, with stated omissions and source disagreements.

Fields: chemistry.assays.0, chemistry.evidence_status

The extracted study used UHPLC–MS/MS on dried material. Preparation, storage and measurement basis accompany the row.

Fields: chemistry.modern_assay.text

The 2022 table reports eleven fruiting bodies from three collections; its supplement lists four collection IDs. Ranges are retained as table-level results without assigning them to particular collections. Earlier GC–MS work was qualitative.

Fields: chemistry.summary.text

Table 1 and section 2.2 state eleven fruiting bodies from three collections.

Fields: chemistry.assays.0.sample_size_basis, chemistry.assays.0.collections

Table S1 lists PS-07, PS-16, PS-19 and H-19 under medullosa.

Fields: chemistry.assays.0.sample_size_basis, chemistry.assays.0.collections

Conflicting evidence

Resolved: taxonomy.status

Historical synonymy differs from the later molecular treatment.

Follow the 2015 separation, consistent with the current name record. Limited American sampling remains a constraint; silvatica is not adopted as a synonym. — Codex (agent), 2026-09-12

Unresolved: chemistry.assays.0.sample_size_basis, chemistry.assays.0.collections

Four supplement IDs cannot be unambiguously assigned to the three main-table collections. Preserve the main-table count as reported and leave structured collection assignments empty.