01Overview
The account follows the molecularly supported separation from P. silvatica. Published chemistry is available, but the 2022 collection totals disagree across source components. [borovicka-2015-atrobrunnea] [gotvaldova-2022]
This is a scientific reference record, not field-identification guidance.
02Nomenclature
- Accepted name
- Psilocybe medullosa
- Authority
- (Bres.) Borov.
- Family
- Agrocybaceae
- Publication year
- 2007
- Basionym
- Naucoria medullosa Bres.
- Taxonomic status
- accepted
- MycoBank identifier
- Not yet researched — verification required
- Index Fungorum identifier
- 532147
Synonyms (0 recorded names)
No verified synonyms entered. This does not indicate that synonyms do not exist.
Nomenclatural sources: [index-fungorum-532147-2026] [niskanen-2026] [borovicka-2015-atrobrunnea]
Research completeness
- taxonomy
- Human reviewed — J Dale, 2026-09-29
Current name and primary treatment checked. Original protologues and exhaustive synonymy remain pending. Any historical name conflict is explicitly resolved within the account’s scope.
- overview
- preliminary
Selected source passages checked; comprehensive synthesis remains pending.
- description
- preliminary
Selected source passages checked; comprehensive synthesis remains pending.
- ecology
- preliminary
Selected source passages checked; comprehensive synthesis remains pending.
- distribution
- preliminary
Selected source passages checked; comprehensive synthesis remains pending.
- chemistry
- disputed
Table 1, methods and supplement checked. Source disagreements are preserved in evidence conflicts; no species mean, extrapolation or inferred zero is supplied.
- molecular
- preliminary
Selected source passages checked; comprehensive synthesis remains pending.
- history
- preliminary
Selected source passages checked; comprehensive synthesis remains pending.
- conservation
- not researched
Research remains incomplete; no absence or conservation category inferred.
03Taxonomic description
Taxonomic description. These characters are presented for scientific reference and are not intended as field-identification guidance.
Macroscopic characters
The 2015 authors report no observed bluing in their medullosa material. This single character is not a complete macroscopic description. [borovicka-2015-atrobrunnea]
Microscopic characters
The 2015 comparison describes small, nearly ellipsoid spores and spindle-shaped cheilocystidia with extended necks. It reports close morphological similarity to P. silvatica. [borovicka-2015-atrobrunnea]
04Distribution and ecology
Table 1 of the 2015 study documents Czech and Austrian material. These studied collections do not delimit the species’ range. [borovicka-2015-atrobrunnea]
- Known range
- Not yet researched
- Countries with documented material
- Czech Republic
- Habitats
- Coniferous and beech woodland, Underbrush of Urtica and Rubus (epitype site)
- Substrates
- Woody debris and detritus, Wood chips and spruce needles
- Ecological associations
- Picea, Fagus
- Seasonality
- Not yet researched
Ecological context
The 2015 account records woody litter, mostly under conifers, with beech also mentioned. This is a scoped habitat summary. [borovicka-2015-atrobrunnea]
Occurrence records
Recorded observations are not equivalent to true biological range. Absence of records does not demonstrate absence of a species.
Occurrence provenance & map methods
- Licence / retrieval date
- CC BY-NC 4.0 / 2026-09-15
- Coordinate uncertainty
- Reported for 237 of 304 plotted records. Median 1 km; 42 records at 30 m or finer; coarsest 612 km. Points are plotted at source precision, so precision varies by orders of magnitude within this map.
- Sensitive records
- unreviewed
- Countries with georeferenced records
- FI (142) · CH (62) · SE (29) · AT (22) · DE (18) · FR (8) · RU (8) · NO (4) · GB (3) · DK (2) · IT (2) · PL (2) · CZ (1) · EE (1)
Points are plotted at source precision on an equirectangular projection. Two records falling on the same rendered pixel appear as one mark; the downloadable dataset is not reduced. Records published under names this reference has not reconciled, including synonyms, infraspecific taxa and sequence clusters, are excluded rather than reassigned.
05Chemistry
Measurements belong to studies, specimens and methods. A single concentration cannot stand in for a species.
| Study / year | Material | Method | Record |
|---|---|---|---|
| Extensive Collection of Psychotropic Mushrooms with Determination of Their Tryptamine Alkaloids / 2022 | Dried fruiting bodies | UHPLC–MS/MS (triple quadrupole; positive electrospray; dynamic multiple reaction monitoring) | Details ↓ |
gotvaldova-2022-medullosa-table-1 — specimen, methods & measurements
- Source location
- Table 1, Psilocybe medullosa row; sections 2.2 and 3.2–3.4; Supplementary Table S1
- Verification
- Source checked; see evidence trail
- Measurement basis
- dry mass
- Specimen
- Whole fruiting bodies (cap and stipe) identified as Psilocybe medullosa in the source.
- Material
- Dried fruiting bodies
- Sample size
- 11
- Sample counting basis
- 11 fruiting bodies (fb), from 3 collections (n), as printed in Table 1.
- Provenance
- Table S1 lists Czech and Swedish material; assignment to the three Table 1 collections remains unresolved.
- Analytical method
- UHPLC–MS/MS (triple quadrupole; positive electrospray; dynamic multiple reaction monitoring)
- Preparation
- Dried, homogenized fruiting bodies; acidified methanol extraction and re-extraction (section 3.3).
- Storage
- Dried material kept in darkness at 20 °C (section 3.2). Exact storage durations and assignments of supplement collection dates to this aggregate are not inferred.
- psilocybin
- 0.143–1.003 mg/g (range) — Aggregate range, dry mass, as printed in Table 1. A printed 0.000 endpoint is not proof of absolute absence.
- psilocin
- 0–0.051 mg/g (range) — Aggregate range, dry mass, as printed in Table 1. A printed 0.000 endpoint is not proof of absolute absence.
- baeocystin
- 0.007–0.406 mg/g (range) — Aggregate range, dry mass, as printed in Table 1. A printed 0.000 endpoint is not proof of absolute absence.
- norbaeocystin
- 0–0.215 mg/g (range) — Aggregate range, dry mass, as printed in Table 1. A printed 0.000 endpoint is not proof of absolute absence.
- aeruginascin
- not detected — Below detection limit in tested material; not zero or species-wide absence.
Aggregate dry-mass results from one study, not expected species concentrations. No individual measurements are inferred from ranges. Table 1 and section 2.2 report three collections; Table S1 lists four IDs (PS-07, PS-16, PS-19, H-19). Collection assignments are withheld pending reconciliation.
Read source recordModern quantitative assays
The extracted study used UHPLC–MS/MS on dried material. Preparation, storage and measurement basis accompany the row. [gotvaldova-2022]
Evidence assessment
The 2022 table reports eleven fruiting bodies from three collections; its supplement lists four collection IDs. Ranges are retained as table-level results without assigning them to particular collections. Earlier GC–MS work was qualitative. [gotvaldova-2022] [borovicka-2015-atrobrunnea]
Assessments depend on material, preparation, storage, sampling and analytical methods. Measurements are literature records, not predictions of effects.
How chemistry records are structured ↗06Molecular evidence
The 2015 comparison found differences from P. silvatica in four DNA regions. American sampling was limited to one sequenced collection. [borovicka-2015-atrobrunnea]
07History
The 2007 Psilocybe combination is based on Bresadola’s Naucoria medullosa, published in 1898. Original name publications remain unchecked here. [index-fungorum-532147-2026]
A place for the historical record
This account records the nomenclatural history checked so far. Broader historical research remains pending; interpretations must stay connected to their documentary sources.
08Conservation
Conservation assessments have not yet been researched for this account.
- Assessment status
- Not yet researched
- Assessment authority / year
- Not verified / Not verified
Not researched by Psilocybia, not assessed by a conservation authority, and Least Concern are different states. None should be inferred from another.
09Images & specimens
Space is reserved for field photographs, herbarium specimens, microscopy and historical plates, with source and licence metadata.
Photographs are not presented as sufficient for mushroom identification.
10References
- J. Borovička; M. Oborník; J. Stříbrný; M. E. Noordeloos; L. A. Parra Sánchez; M. Gryndler (2015). Phylogenetic and chemical studies in the potential psychotropic species complex of Psilocybe atrobrunnea with taxonomic and nomenclatural notes. Persoonia 34, 1–9. DOI: 10.3767/003158515X685283 Source record ↗
Source class: primary.
Source verification history
- metadata: verified · 2026-09-12 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source
Authors, title, volume and pages match full-text XML. Issue dated June 2015; electronic publication 21 October 2014.
- doi: verified · 2026-09-12 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source
DOI agrees with the full article XML.
- content: verified · 2026-09-12 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source
Read nomenclatural discussion, medullosa/silvatica comparison, Tables 1–3 and chemical results. The 2015 study did not quantify PS/PSB. No cultivation protocol extracted.
- metadata: verified · 2026-09-12 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source
- GBIF Secretariat (2026). Psilocybe medullosa — GBIF Backbone Taxonomy record 5459286; accessed 29 September 2026. . Source record ↗
Source class: taxonomic database.
Source verification history
- metadata: verified · 2026-09-29 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source
Backbone name record retrieved and confirmed by two independent routes: the strict name-match endpoint returned usageKey 5459286 as an EXACT, ACCEPTED species match, and the record endpoint was then fetched directly and agreed on name, rank and acceptance. The record places Psilocybe in Hymenogastraceae; that placement is not adopted here.
- content: verified · 2026-09-29 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source
Backbone name record retrieved and confirmed by two independent routes: the strict name-match endpoint returned usageKey 5459286 as an EXACT, ACCEPTED species match, and the record endpoint was then fetched directly and agreed on name, rank and acceptance. The record places Psilocybe in Hymenogastraceae; that placement is not adopted here.
- metadata: verified · 2026-09-29 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source
- GBIF.org (2026). GBIF Occurrence Download: georeferenced records for Psilocybe taxa (download 0000371-260915150036944). . DOI: 10.15468/dl.dhgzxa Source record ↗
Source class: primary.
Source verification history
- metadata: verified · 2026-09-29 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source
Download record retrieved from the GBIF API. Key 0000371-260915150036944, DOI 10.15468/dl.dhgzxa, status SUCCEEDED, created 2026-09-15, 31,439 records drawn from 294 datasets, SIMPLE_CSV format, licence http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/legalcode. The DOI and the record count were confirmed against the archive held locally rather than assumed from the filename.
- doi: verified · 2026-09-29 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source
DOI read from the download record returned by the GBIF API and matched to the download key of the archive used to generate the occurrence maps.
- content: verified · 2026-09-29 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source
The archive was read row by row to generate the published maps and the per-country counts. 31,208 rows carry usable coordinates and a taxonKey this reference maps to one of its own records; 231 rows fall under synonyms, infraspecific taxa or sequence clusters and are excluded rather than reassigned. Coordinate uncertainty is reported for about 90 per cent of rows, with a median near 7 km and a coarsest value above 5,000 km, so individual points vary enormously in precision. 25 per cent of the country entries derived from this download rest on a single record, and the majority of records are human observations rather than preserved specimens; counts are therefore published alongside every country.
- metadata: verified · 2026-09-29 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source
- Klára Gotvaldová; Jan Borovička; Kateřina Hájková; Petra Cihlářová; Alan Rockefeller; Martin Kuchař (2022). Extensive Collection of Psychotropic Mushrooms with Determination of Their Tryptamine Alkaloids. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23(22), 14068. DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214068 Source record ↗
Source class: primary.
Source verification history
- metadata: verified · 2026-09-08 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source
Authors, title, year, volume, issue and article number match the article XML.
- doi: verified · 2026-09-08 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source
DOI in PubMed matches article-id in the primary article XML; this is an identity cross-check, not just syntax validation.
- content: verified · 2026-09-08 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source
Read Table 1 and its footnote, and sections 3.1, 3.3 and 3.4 in the full-text XML. Supplementary Table S1 has not yet been extracted.
- content: verified · 2026-09-10 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source
Rechecked Table 1, sections 3.2–3.4, and Supplementary Table S1 (13 collections in this batch). Corrected pilot locator: collection/storage is section 3.2, not 3.1. Original aggregate ranges verified against XML.
- metadata: verified · 2026-09-08 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source
- iNaturalist (2026). Psilocybe medullosa — iNaturalist taxon 1006629; accessed 29 September 2026. . Source record ↗
Source class: taxonomic database.
Source verification history
- metadata: verified · 2026-09-29 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source
Taxon record retrieved and confirmed by two independent routes: a name query returned exactly one active species taxon named Psilocybe medullosa with id 1006629, and the record endpoint was then fetched directly and agreed on name, rank and active status. This is an identifier for a community observation platform, not a taxonomic authority.
- content: verified · 2026-09-29 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source
Taxon record retrieved and confirmed by two independent routes: a name query returned exactly one active species taxon named Psilocybe medullosa with id 1006629, and the record endpoint was then fetched directly and agreed on name, rank and active status. This is an identifier for a community observation platform, not a taxonomic authority.
- metadata: verified · 2026-09-29 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source
- Index Fungorum (2026). Index Fungorum: Psilocybe medullosa, record 532147 — accessed 12 September 2026. . Source record ↗
Source class: taxonomic database.
Source verification history
- metadata: verified · 2026-09-12 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source
Database record identity and nomenclatural citation checked; retrieval year is not the scientific publication year.
- content: verified · 2026-09-12 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source
Current name, authority and name citation inspected, including basionym where present. This is a name-record check, not inspection of the original protologue.
- metadata: verified · 2026-09-12 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source
- T. Niskanen; B. Dentinger; A.M. Ainsworth; I. Kytövuori; J.T. Kim; G.W. Griffith; K. Liimatainen (2026). Re-shaping the family-level classification of Agaricineae (Agaricales, Basidiomycota) using a phylogenomic approach. Studies in Mycology 113(1), 115–134. DOI: 10.3114/sim.2026.113.03 Source record ↗
Source class: primary.
Source verification history
- metadata: verified · 2026-09-10 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source
Bibliographic identity inspected; publication year is distinct from retrieval date.
- content: verified · 2026-09-10 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source
Family treatment Agrocybaceae, Table 1 and classification discussion inspected in the PDF. Effective online date in paper: 1 April 2026; Crossref issue date differs, so the record retains year only.
- doi: verified · 2026-09-10 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source
DOI and title matched against the cited bibliographic record; not just resolver availability.
- metadata: verified · 2026-09-10 · Psilocybia editorial. Verification source
Claim provenance
Source checks record what was inspected. Publication approval and section review are separate editorial decisions.
Core name metadata follows the inspected nomenclatural record.
Fields: taxonomy.canonical_name, taxonomy.accepted_name, taxonomy.genus, taxonomy.specific_epithet, taxonomy.authority, taxonomy.publication_year, taxonomy.basionym, taxonomy.index_fungorum_id
- index-fungorum-532147-2026 — Name heading, current name, basionym and registration identifier where present
Source checked · Accessed 2026-09-12 · Psilocybia editorial. Scoped passage checked by the Psilocybia editorial process.
Follow the 2026 family treatment, which includes Psilocybe in Agrocybaceae.
Fields: taxonomy.family
- niskanen-2026 — Agrocybaceae treatment; Table 1
Source checked · Accessed 2026-09-12 · Psilocybia editorial. Scoped passage checked by the Psilocybia editorial process.
Retain this species under the checked current name and the cited primary treatment.
Fields: taxonomy.status
- index-fungorum-532147-2026 — Current name
Source checked · Accessed 2026-09-12 · Psilocybia editorial. Scoped passage checked by the Psilocybia editorial process.
- borovicka-2015-atrobrunnea — Taxonomic and nomenclatural conclusions
Source checked · Accessed 2026-09-12 · Psilocybia editorial. Scoped passage checked by the Psilocybia editorial process.
The account follows the molecularly supported separation from P. silvatica. Published chemistry is available, but the 2022 collection totals disagree across source components.
Fields: overview.text
- borovicka-2015-atrobrunnea — Discussion: medullosa and silvatica
Source checked · Accessed 2026-09-12 · Psilocybia editorial. Scoped passage checked by the Psilocybia editorial process.
- gotvaldova-2022 — Table 1, section 2.2 and Supplementary Table S1
Source checked · Accessed 2026-09-12 · Psilocybia editorial. Scoped passage checked by the Psilocybia editorial process.
The 2015 authors report no observed bluing in their medullosa material. This single character is not a complete macroscopic description.
Fields: description.macroscopic.text
- borovicka-2015-atrobrunnea — Discussion: bluing reaction
Source checked · Accessed 2026-09-12 · Psilocybia editorial. Scoped passage checked by the Psilocybia editorial process.
The 2015 comparison describes small, nearly ellipsoid spores and spindle-shaped cheilocystidia with extended necks. It reports close morphological similarity to P. silvatica.
Fields: description.microscopic.text
- borovicka-2015-atrobrunnea — Discussion: comparison of medullosa and silvatica holotypes
Source checked · Accessed 2026-09-12 · Psilocybia editorial. Scoped passage checked by the Psilocybia editorial process.
The 2015 account records woody litter, mostly under conifers, with beech also mentioned. This is a scoped habitat summary.
Fields: ecology.narrative.text
- borovicka-2015-atrobrunnea — Introduction: medullosa
Source checked · Accessed 2026-09-12 · Psilocybia editorial. Scoped passage checked by the Psilocybia editorial process.
Table 1 of the 2015 study documents Czech and Austrian material. These studied collections do not delimit the species’ range.
Fields: distribution.narrative.text
- borovicka-2015-atrobrunnea — Table 1, medullosa rows
Source checked · Accessed 2026-09-12 · Psilocybia editorial. Scoped passage checked by the Psilocybia editorial process.
The 2015 comparison found differences from P. silvatica in four DNA regions. American sampling was limited to one sequenced collection.
Fields: molecular.text
- borovicka-2015-atrobrunnea — Discussion; Table 3
Source checked · Accessed 2026-09-12 · Psilocybia editorial. Scoped passage checked by the Psilocybia editorial process.
The 2007 Psilocybe combination is based on Bresadola’s Naucoria medullosa, published in 1898. Original name publications remain unchecked here.
Fields: history.text
- index-fungorum-532147-2026 — Name heading and basionym
Source checked · Accessed 2026-09-12 · Psilocybia editorial. Scoped passage checked by the Psilocybia editorial process.
Earlier treatments combined medullosa with silvatica on morphological grounds.
Fields: taxonomy.status
- borovicka-2015-atrobrunnea — Introduction and Discussion: historical synonymy
Source checked · Accessed 2026-09-12 · Psilocybia editorial. Scoped passage checked by the Psilocybia editorial process.
The authors recommend keeping the names separate after their molecular comparison.
Fields: taxonomy.status
- borovicka-2015-atrobrunnea — Discussion; Table 3
Source checked · Accessed 2026-09-12 · Psilocybia editorial. Scoped passage checked by the Psilocybia editorial process.
Scoped extraction of the published analytical table, with stated omissions and source disagreements.
Fields: chemistry.assays.0, chemistry.evidence_status
- gotvaldova-2022 — Table 1, Psilocybe medullosa row; sections 2.2 and 3.2–3.4; Supplementary Table S1
Source checked · Accessed 2026-09-12 · Psilocybia editorial. Scoped passage checked by the Psilocybia editorial process.
The extracted study used UHPLC–MS/MS on dried material. Preparation, storage and measurement basis accompany the row.
Fields: chemistry.modern_assay.text
- gotvaldova-2022 — Sections 3.2–3.4
Source checked · Accessed 2026-09-12 · Psilocybia editorial. Scoped passage checked by the Psilocybia editorial process.
The 2022 table reports eleven fruiting bodies from three collections; its supplement lists four collection IDs. Ranges are retained as table-level results without assigning them to particular collections. Earlier GC–MS work was qualitative.
Fields: chemistry.summary.text
- gotvaldova-2022 — Table 1, section 2.2 and Supplementary Table S1
Source checked · Accessed 2026-09-12 · Psilocybia editorial. Scoped passage checked by the Psilocybia editorial process.
- borovicka-2015-atrobrunnea — Methods: GC–MS; Results: chemical analyses
Source checked · Accessed 2026-09-12 · Psilocybia editorial. Scoped passage checked by the Psilocybia editorial process.
Table 1 and section 2.2 state eleven fruiting bodies from three collections.
Fields: chemistry.assays.0.sample_size_basis, chemistry.assays.0.collections
- gotvaldova-2022 — Table 1 and section 2.2, medullosa
Source checked · Accessed 2026-09-12 · Psilocybia editorial. Scoped passage checked by the Psilocybia editorial process.
Table S1 lists PS-07, PS-16, PS-19 and H-19 under medullosa.
Fields: chemistry.assays.0.sample_size_basis, chemistry.assays.0.collections
- gotvaldova-2022 — Supplementary Table S1, medullosa rows
Source checked · Accessed 2026-09-12 · Psilocybia editorial. Scoped passage checked by the Psilocybia editorial process.
304 georeferenced records for this name in the cited GBIF download, plotted as 227 distinct positions and spanning 14 country codes, of which 2 rest on a single record. These are record locations, not a compiled range: no range has been researched for this account.
Fields: distribution.occurrence
- gbif-download-dhgzxa-2026 — Download 0000371-260915150036944; rows matched on taxonKey
Source checked · Accessed 2026-09-15 · Psilocybia editorial. Archive read row by row to generate the published map and the per-country counts. Rows under synonyms, infraspecific taxa and sequence clusters are excluded rather than reassigned.
Database identifiers for this species, recorded so a reader can retrieve the same records. The GBIF backbone still places Psilocybe in Hymenogastraceae, whereas this site follows the 2026 family revision and treats the genus in Agrocybaceae; citing the identifier is not an endorsement of that placement.
Fields: distribution.gbif_taxon_id, distribution.inaturalist_taxon_id
- gbif-5459286-2026 — Backbone taxon record 5459286
Source checked · Accessed 2026-09-29 · Psilocybia editorial. Identifier confirmed against the backbone record by two endpoints.
- inaturalist-1006629-2026 — Taxon record 1006629
Source checked · Accessed 2026-09-29 · Psilocybia editorial. Identifier confirmed against the taxon record by two endpoints.
The 2015 study records it growing on woody debris and detritus, mostly under conifers (usually Picea) but also under Fagus, and describes the epitype as gregarious on wood chips and spruce needles in underbrush of Urtica and Rubus.
Fields: ecology.habitats, ecology.substrates, ecology.associations
- borovicka-2015-atrobrunnea — Habitat, ecology and distribution statements
Source checked · Accessed 2026-09-29 · Psilocybia editorial. Read directly in the cited text; the passage was anchored to this species entry.
Country of the epitype designated in the 2015 study. That paper calls the species apparently rare but makes no range statement, so the known range is left unresearched.
Fields: distribution.countries
- borovicka-2015-atrobrunnea — Habitat, ecology and distribution statements
Source checked · Accessed 2026-09-29 · Psilocybia editorial. Read directly in the cited text; the passage was anchored to this species entry.
Conflicting evidence
Historical synonymy differs from the later molecular treatment.
Follow the 2015 separation, consistent with the current name record. Limited American sampling remains a constraint; silvatica is not adopted as a synonym. — Psilocybia editorial, 2026-09-12
Four supplement IDs cannot be unambiguously assigned to the three main-table collections. Preserve the main-table count as reported and leave structured collection assignments empty.