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PSILOCYBIAA monograph for the digital age.
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Psilocybia / The Index / Species record

The Psilocybe Index / Species account

Psilocybe semilanceata

(Fr.) P. Kumm.

Taxonomy: acceptedChemistry: Limited quantitative evidenceMolecular data: Agent source-checked

Researched and source-checked by Codex. No human scientific review. This first account covers selected sources; section notes identify remaining research. Assay ranges describe studied specimens, not an expected species concentration.

01Overview

Agent source-checked

This account connects the checked name record with comparative morphology, a quantitative assay and a published genome resource. It follows Agrocybaceae under the 2026 classification. [index-fungorum-232492-2026] [niskanen-2026] [guzman-bas-1977] [bollinger-2025] [gotvaldova-2022]

This is a scientific reference record, not field-identification guidance.

02Nomenclature

Accepted name
Psilocybe semilanceata
Authority
(Fr.) P. Kumm.
Family
Agrocybaceae
Publication year
1871
Basionym
Agaricus semilanceatus Fr.
Taxonomic status
accepted
MycoBank identifier
Not yet researched — verification required
Index Fungorum identifier
232492
Synonyms (4 recorded names)
  • Agaricus semilanceatus Fr.
  • Stropharia semilanceata (Fr.) P. Karst.
  • Geophila semilanceata (Fr.) Quél.
  • Coprinarius semilanceatus (Fr.) J. Schröt.

Nomenclatural sources: [index-fungorum-232492-2026] [gbif-5242507-2026] [niskanen-2026] [species-fungorum-232492-2026]

Research completeness

taxonomy
Agent source-checked — Codex (agent), 2026-09-10

Core nomenclature and the selected family treatment are source-checked. MycoBank could not be accessed; original name publications and exhaustive synonymy remain pending. This is a scoped account, not a completed taxonomic revision.

overview
preliminary

Source-checked introduction to the scoped account.

description
preliminary

Selected published characters checked; comprehensive modern redescription remains pending.

ecology
preliminary

Only the cited source context has been checked; substrate and seasonal synthesis remain pending.

distribution
preliminary

Source-backed localities or taxonomic context only; no occurrence dataset or exhaustive range assessment.

chemistry
preliminary

One study, five compounds and its collection metadata source-checked. Additional studies, supplementary per-sample values and a full literature synthesis remain pending.

molecular
preliminary

Published molecular findings checked; no independent sequence analysis.

history
preliminary

Limited nomenclatural or typification history. Original publications and broader historical research remain pending.

conservation
not researched

Not researched in this account. No absence claim is made.

03Taxonomic description

Taxonomic description. These characters are presented for scientific reference and are not intended as field-identification guidance.

Macroscopic characters

Agent source-checked

Guzmán and Bas describe a cap with an umbo or papilla and variable blue discoloration at the stem base. Their observations include strong, weak and absent bluing. This comparison is not a full modern description. [guzman-bas-1977]

Microscopic characters

Agent source-checked

For collection Horak 63-41 (ZT), Guzmán and Bas report spores (11–)12–14(–15.5) × 7–8 µm and cheilocystidia 28–35 × 5–7 µm. These are the authors’ collection-based observations, not universal diagnostic limits. [guzman-bas-1977]

04Distribution and ecology

Agent source-checked

The cited studies document material from Sweden, the Czech Republic and Oregon, USA. These localities describe sampled material and do not delimit the species’ geographic range. [gotvaldova-2022] [bollinger-2025]

Known range
Not yet researched
Habitats
Not yet researched
Substrates
Not yet researched
Ecological associations
Not yet researched
Seasonality
Not yet researched

Ecological context

Agent source-checked

The genome study documents its Oregon source material from soil in an open grassy meadow. This is specimen habitat, not an exhaustive account of the species’ ecology. [bollinger-2025]

Occurrence records

Occurrence map — awaiting verified records

No occurrence points loaded.

Recorded observations are not equivalent to true biological range. Absence of records does not demonstrate absence of a species.

Occurrence provenance & future map methods
Source
Not yet supplied
Licence / retrieval date
Awaiting licence / Not retrieved
Coordinate uncertainty
Not reviewed
Sensitive records
unreviewed

Future ingestion will review licensing, coordinate uncertainty and sensitive locations. Sampling, clustering and date filters will operate on separately loaded datasets; no coordinates are embedded in this page.

05Chemistry

Measurements belong to studies, specimens and methods. A single concentration cannot stand in for a species.

Published assays · Measurements retain their original methodological context.
Study / yearMaterialMethodRecord
Extensive Collection of Psychotropic Mushrooms with Determination of Their Tryptamine Alkaloids / 2022Dried fruiting bodiesUHPLC–MS/MS (triple quadrupole; positive electrospray; dynamic multiple reaction monitoring)Details ↓
gotvaldova-2022-semilanceata-table-1 — specimen, methods & measurements
Source location
Table 1, Psilocybe semilanceata row; sections 3.2–3.4; Supplementary Table S1
Verification
Source checked; see evidence trail
Measurement basis
dry mass
Specimen
Whole fruiting bodies; collection IDs and available vouchers are listed below.
Material
Dried fruiting bodies
Sample size
18
Sample counting basis
18 fruiting bodies (fb), from 5 collections (n); Table 1 definitions.
Provenance
Sweden, Czech Republic; collection-level context in Table S1.
Analytical method
UHPLC–MS/MS (triple quadrupole; positive electrospray; dynamic multiple reaction monitoring)
Preparation
Dried, homogenized fruiting bodies; acidified methanol extraction and re-extraction (section 3.3).
Storage
Dried material kept in darkness at 20 °C (section 3.2). Collection and analysis dates are retained below; exact storage durations are not inferred.
psilocybin
1.28–11.421 mg/g (range) — Reported aggregate range, dry mass.
psilocin
0.033–0.619 mg/g (range) — Reported aggregate range, dry mass.
baeocystin
0.725–4.467 mg/g (range) — Reported aggregate range, dry mass.
norbaeocystin
0.121–0.51 mg/g (range) — Reported aggregate range, dry mass.
aeruginascin
0.01–0.033 mg/g (range) — Reported aggregate range, dry mass.

Collections in the source

Dates retain the precision reported by the study. These collections underlie the aggregate ranges; individual concentrations have not been inferred.

PS-14 · Sweden
Collected
26.09.2015
Analysed
May 2016
Voucher
PRM 935886
GenBank accession
Not provided in the source table

GenBank column is n.a. in Table S1.

PS-59 · Czech Republic
Collected
01.11.2018
Analysed
April 2019
Voucher
PRM 951339
GenBank accession
Not provided in the source table

GenBank column is n.a. in Table S1.

L-10 · Czech Republic
Collected
26.09.2015
Analysed
May 2016
Voucher
PRM 952710
GenBank accession
Not provided in the source table

GenBank column is n.a. in Table S1.

H-13 · Czech Republic
Collected
16.09.2016
Analysed
April 2018
Voucher
PRM 952697
GenBank accession
Not provided in the source table

GenBank column is n.a. in Table S1.

H-14 · Czech Republic
Collected
30.09.2016
Analysed
April 2018
Voucher
PRM 952698
GenBank accession
Not provided in the source table

GenBank column is n.a. in Table S1.

Aggregate dry-mass ranges from one study. Supplementary collection metadata is transcribed; individual concentrations from the supplementary heatmap are not extracted. No species mean or unit conversion is supplied.

Read source record

Modern quantitative assays

Agent source-checked

Gotvaldová et al. (2022) used UHPLC–MS/MS to measure five tryptamine alkaloids in 18 fruiting bodies from 5 collections. [gotvaldova-2022]

Evidence assessment

Agent source-checked

One quantitative study is extracted here. The category describes this account’s coverage; a complete literature assessment is pending. [gotvaldova-2022]

Assessments depend on material, preparation, storage, sampling and analytical methods. Measurements are literature records, not predictions of effects.

How chemistry records are structured ↗

06Molecular evidence

Agent source-checked

Bollinger et al. report genome assembly GCA_040207485.1 for BioSample SAMN37293870, with a 38,605,746 bp assembly in 41 contigs. Accession and statistics are transcribed from the paper; this account does not independently evaluate the assembly. [bollinger-2025]

07History

Agent source-checked

Index Fungorum records the basionym Agaricus semilanceatus Fr. (1818) and Kummer’s Psilocybe combination in 1871, page 71. The historical publications themselves remain to be inspected. [index-fungorum-232492-2026]

A place for the historical record

This account records the nomenclatural history checked so far. Broader historical research remains pending; interpretations must stay connected to their documentary sources.

Reading the scientific record ↗

08Conservation

Not yet researched

This section has not yet been researched for this account.

Assessment status
Not yet researched
Assessment authority / year
Not verified / Not verified

Not researched by Psilocybia, not assessed by a conservation authority, and Least Concern are different states. None should be inferred from another.

09Images & specimens

No verified, licensed scientific images supplied

Space is reserved for field photographs, herbarium specimens, microscopy and historical plates, with source and licence metadata.

Photographs are not presented as sufficient for mushroom identification.

10References

  1. Index Fungorum (2026). Index Fungorum name record 232492: Psilocybe semilanceata. . Source record ↗

    Source class: taxonomic database.

    Source verification history
    • metadata: verified · 2026-09-08 · Codex (agent) (agent). Verification source

      Database record identity checked. Bibliographic year denotes the dated access record, not nomenclatural publication.

    • content: verified · 2026-09-08 · Codex (agent) (agent). Verification source

      Name, author, combination year, basionym, identifier, current-name field and family read directly.

    • content: verified · 2026-09-10 · Codex (agent) (agent). Verification source

      Name, authority, combination year, basionym and current family rechecked via web retrieval. Direct HTTP download was unavailable.

  2. GBIF Secretariat (2026). GBIF Backbone Taxonomy: Psilocybe semilanceata, taxon 5242507. . Source record ↗

    Source class: taxonomic database.

    Source verification history
    • metadata: verified · 2026-09-08 · Codex (agent) (agent). Verification source

      Taxon key and dataset key checked. Year denotes this access record; the response reports lastInterpreted in 2023.

    • content: verified · 2026-09-08 · Codex (agent) (agent). Verification source

      canonicalName, authorship, publishedIn, basionym, taxonomicStatus and family checked in the API response.

  3. Klára Gotvaldová; Jan Borovička; Kateřina Hájková; Petra Cihlářová; Alan Rockefeller; Martin Kuchař (2022). Extensive Collection of Psychotropic Mushrooms with Determination of Their Tryptamine Alkaloids. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23(22), 14068. DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214068 Source record ↗

    Source class: primary.

    Source verification history
    • metadata: verified · 2026-09-08 · Codex (agent) (agent). Verification source

      Authors, title, year, volume, issue and article number match the article XML.

    • doi: verified · 2026-09-08 · Codex (agent) (agent). Verification source

      DOI in PubMed matches article-id in the primary article XML; this is an identity cross-check, not just syntax validation.

    • content: verified · 2026-09-08 · Codex (agent) (agent). Verification source

      Read Table 1 and its footnote, and sections 3.1, 3.3 and 3.4 in the full-text XML. Supplementary Table S1 has not yet been extracted.

    • content: verified · 2026-09-10 · Codex (agent) (agent). Verification source

      Rechecked Table 1, sections 3.2–3.4, and Supplementary Table S1 (13 collections in this batch). Corrected pilot locator: collection/storage is section 3.2, not 3.1. Original aggregate ranges verified against XML.

  4. T. Niskanen; B. Dentinger; A.M. Ainsworth; I. Kytövuori; J.T. Kim; G.W. Griffith; K. Liimatainen (2026). Re-shaping the family-level classification of Agaricineae (Agaricales, Basidiomycota) using a phylogenomic approach. Studies in Mycology 113(1), 115–134. DOI: 10.3114/sim.2026.113.03 Source record ↗

    Source class: primary.

    Source verification history
    • metadata: verified · 2026-09-10 · Codex (agent) (agent). Verification source

      Bibliographic identity inspected; publication year is distinct from retrieval date.

    • content: verified · 2026-09-10 · Codex (agent) (agent). Verification source

      Family treatment Agrocybaceae, Table 1 and classification discussion inspected in the PDF. Effective online date in paper: 1 April 2026; Crossref issue date differs, so the record retains year only.

    • doi: verified · 2026-09-10 · Codex (agent) (agent). Verification source

      DOI and title matched against the cited bibliographic record; not just resolver availability.

  5. G. Guzmán; C. Bas (1977). A new bluing species of Psilocybe from Europe. Persoonia 9(2), 233–238. Source record ↗

    Source class: primary.

    Source verification history
    • metadata: verified · 2026-09-10 · Codex (agent) (agent). Verification source

      Bibliographic identity inspected; publication year is distinct from retrieval date.

    • content: verified · 2026-09-10 · Codex (agent) (agent). Verification source

      Comparative observations for P. semilanceata and P. cyanescens on pp. 235, 237–238; other species descriptions are not transposed.

  6. I.M. Bollinger; H. Singer; J. Jacobs; M. Tyler; K. Scott; C.S. Pauli; D.R. Miller; C. Barlow; A. Rockefeller; J.C. Slot; V. Angel-Mosti (2025). High-quality draft genomes of ecologically and geographically diverse Psilocybe species. Microbiology Resource Announcements 14(2), e00250-24. DOI: 10.1128/mra.00250-24 Source record ↗

    Source class: primary.

    Source verification history
    • metadata: verified · 2026-09-10 · Codex (agent) (agent). Verification source

      Bibliographic identity inspected; publication year is distinct from retrieval date.

    • content: verified · 2026-09-10 · Codex (agent) (agent). Verification source

      Table 1 P. semilanceata column and data availability inspected. Issue year 2025; electronic publication was 27 December 2024. Accession copied from paper, assembly not independently reanalysed.

    • doi: verified · 2026-09-10 · Codex (agent) (agent). Verification source

      DOI and title matched against the cited bibliographic record; not just resolver availability.

  7. Species Fungorum (2026). Species Fungorum synonymy: Psilocybe semilanceata. . Source record ↗

    Source class: taxonomic database.

    Source verification history
    • metadata: verified · 2026-09-10 · Codex (agent) (agent). Verification source

      Bibliographic identity inspected; publication year is distinct from retrieval date.

    • content: verified · 2026-09-10 · Codex (agent) (agent). Verification source

      Selected historical combinations retained; this is not an exhaustive synonymy reconciliation. Index Fungorum and Species Fungorum are linked services, not independent revisions.

Claim provenance

Source checks record what was inspected. Publication approval and section review are separate editorial decisions.

The two database records agree on the name, authority and 1871 combination; Index Fungorum supplies name identifier 232492.

Fields: taxonomy.canonical_name, taxonomy.accepted_name, taxonomy.genus, taxonomy.specific_epithet, taxonomy.authority, taxonomy.publication_year, taxonomy.status, taxonomy.basionym, taxonomy.index_fungorum_id

Index Fungorum places this name in Agrocybaceae.

Fields: taxonomy.family

The GBIF response places this taxon in Hymenogastraceae.

Fields: taxonomy.family

  • gbif-5242507-2026 — family

    Source checked · Accessed 2026-09-08 · Codex (agent). Response lastInterpreted is 2023-08-22; access date is not a taxonomy revision date.

This account follows the 2026 Agrocybaceae circumscription for Psilocybe.

Fields: taxonomy.family

Selected names listed in Species Fungorum; the list is not exhaustive.

Fields: taxonomy.synonyms

One quantitative study is extracted here. The category describes this account’s coverage; a complete literature assessment is pending.

Fields: chemistry.summary.text

Gotvaldová et al. (2022) used UHPLC–MS/MS to measure five tryptamine alkaloids in 18 fruiting bodies from 5 collections.

Fields: chemistry.modern_assay.text

The assay preserves the published ranges and supplementary collection context.

Fields: chemistry.assays.0, chemistry.evidence_status

This account connects the checked name record with comparative morphology, a quantitative assay and a published genome resource. It follows Agrocybaceae under the 2026 classification.

Fields: overview.text

Guzmán and Bas describe a cap with an umbo or papilla and variable blue discoloration at the stem base. Their observations include strong, weak and absent bluing. This comparison is not a full modern description.

Fields: description.macroscopic.text

For collection Horak 63-41 (ZT), Guzmán and Bas report spores (11–)12–14(–15.5) × 7–8 µm and cheilocystidia 28–35 × 5–7 µm. These are the authors’ collection-based observations, not universal diagnostic limits.

Fields: description.microscopic.text

The genome study documents its Oregon source material from soil in an open grassy meadow. This is specimen habitat, not an exhaustive account of the species’ ecology.

Fields: ecology.narrative.text

The cited studies document material from Sweden, the Czech Republic and Oregon, USA. These localities describe sampled material and do not delimit the species’ geographic range.

Fields: distribution.narrative.text

Bollinger et al. report genome assembly GCA_040207485.1 for BioSample SAMN37293870, with a 38,605,746 bp assembly in 41 contigs. Accession and statistics are transcribed from the paper; this account does not independently evaluate the assembly.

Fields: molecular.text

Index Fungorum records the basionym Agaricus semilanceatus Fr. (1818) and Kummer’s Psilocybe combination in 1871, page 71. The historical publications themselves remain to be inspected.

Fields: history.text

Conflicting evidence

Resolved: taxonomy.family

The retrieved databases assign different families. The name and combination agree. Family remains null until a taxonomic revision and the database provenance have been reviewed.

Adopt Agrocybaceae following Niskanen et al. (2026), which explicitly includes Psilocybe. The older GBIF placement in Hymenogastraceae is retained as source history, not evidence that the newer treatment is unanimous. — Codex (agent), 2026-09-10